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''Minas Geraes''''', spelled '''''Minas Gerais''''' in some sources, was a dreadnought battleship of the Brazilian Navy. Named in honor of the state of Minas Gerais, the ship was laid down in April 1907 as the lead ship of its class, making the country the third to have a dreadnought under construction and igniting a naval arms race between Brazil, Argentina, and Chile.Two months after its completion in January 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was featured in ''Scientific American'', which described it as "the last word in heavy battleship design and the ... most powerfully armed warship afloat". In November 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was the focal point of the Revolt of the Lash. The mutiny spread from ''Minas Geraes'' to other ships in the Navy, including its sister , the elderly coastal defense ship ''Deodoro'', and the recently commissioned cruiser . Led by the "Black Admiral" João Cândido Felisberto, the mutineers threatened to bombard the Brazilian capital of Rio de Janeiro if their demands were not met. As it was not possible to end the situation militarily—the only loyal troops nearby being small torpedo boats and army troops confined to land—the National Congress of Brazil gave in and the rebels disbanded.When Brazil entered the First World War in 1917, Britain's Royal Navy declined Brazil's offer of ''Minas Geraes'' for duty with the Grand Fleet because the ship was outdated; it had not been refitted since entering service, so range-finders and a fire-control system had not been added. ''São Paulo'' underwent modernization in the United States in 1920; in 1921, ''Minas Geraes'' received the same treatment. A year later, ''Minas Geraes'' sailed to counter the first of the Tenente revolts. ''São Paulo'' shelled the rebels' fort, and they surrendered shortly thereafter; ''Minas Geraes'' did not fire its guns. In 1924, mutineers seized ''São Paulo'' and attempted to persuade the crews of ''Minas Geraes'' and several other ships to join them, but were unsuccessful.''Minas Geraes'' was modernized at the Rio de Janeiro Naval Yard in the 1930s, and underwent further refitting from 1939 to 1943. During the Second World War, the ship was anchored in Salvador as the main defense of the port, as it was too old to play an active part in the war. For the last nine years of its service life, ''Minas Geraes'' remained largely inactive, and was towed to Italy for scrapping in March 1954.== Background ==Beginning in the late 1880s, Brazil's navy fell into obsolescence, helped along by an 1889 revolution, which deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II, and naval revolts in 1891 and 1893–94.Barman, ''Citizen Emperor'', 403; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. By the turn of the 20th century it was lagging behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage,Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. despite Brazil having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile.Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.At the turn of the twentieth century, soaring demand for coffee and rubber brought prosperity to the Brazilian economy.Scheina, "Brazil," 403. The government of Brazil used some of the extra money from this economic growth to finance a large naval building program in 1904,Scheina, "Brazil," 404. which authorized the construction of a large number of warships, including three battleships.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 80; English, ''Armed Forces'', 108. The Minister of the Navy, Admiral Júlio César de Noronha, signed a contract with Armstrong Whitworth for three battleships on 23 July 1906.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240–245. While the first designs for these ships were derived from the Norwegian coastal defense ship ''Norge'' and the British (originally Chilean) , the contracted ships were to follow Armstrong Whitworth's Design 439 (Design 188 in Vickers' files). They would displace 11,800 long tons (12,000 tonnes), have a speed of 19 knots (22 mph; 35 km/h), and be protected by belt armor of 9 inches (23 cm) and deck armor of 1.5 in (3.8 cm). Each ship would be armed with twelve 10-inch (25 cm) guns mounted in six twin turrets. These turrets would be mounted in a hexagonal configuration, similar to the later German s.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 244–246.Two of these ships were laid down by Armstrong in Elswick (''Minas Geraes'' and ''Rio de Janeiro''), while the other was subcontracted out to Vickers in Barrow (''São Paulo''). The new dreadnought concept, which premiered in December 1906 upon the completion of the namesake ship in December 1906, rendered the Brazilian ships obsolete.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 246. The money authorized for naval expansion was redirected by new Minister of the Navy, Rear Admiral Alexandrino Fario de Alencar, to building two dreadnoughts, with plans for a third dreadnought after the first was completed, two scout cruisers (which became the ), ten destroyers (the ), and three submarines.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 81; ''Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers'', "Brazil," 883. The three battleships on which construction had just begun were demolished beginning on 7 January 1907, and the design of the new dreadnoughts was approved by the Brazilians on 20 February 1907.Even though the greater cost of these ships meant that only two ships could begin immediately, plans went ahead.Whitley, ''Battleships'', 24. ''Minas Geraes'', the lead ship, was laid down by Armstrong on 17 April 1907, while ''São Paulo'' followed thirteen days later at Vickers.Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Scheina, ''Naval History'', 321; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 249. The news shocked Brazil's neighbors, especially Argentina, whose Minister of Foreign Affairs remarked that either ''Minas Geraes'' or ''São Paulo'' could destroy the entire Argentine and Chilean fleets.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 76. In addition, Brazil's order meant that they had laid down a dreadnought before many of the other major maritime powers, such as Germany, France or Russia, and the two ships made Brazil just the third country to have dreadnoughts under construction, behind the United Kingdom and the United States.Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Whitley, ''Battleships'', 13. In particular, the United States now actively attempted to court Brazil as an ally; caught up in the spirit, U.S. naval journals began using terms like "Pan Americanism" and "Hemispheric Cooperation". Newspapers and journals around the world, particularly in Britain and Germany, speculated that Brazil was acting as a proxy for a naval power which would take possession of the two dreadnoughts soon after completion, as they did not believe that a previously insignificant geopolitical power would contract for such powerful armament.Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 77.
''Minas Geraes'', spelled ''Minas Gerais'' in some sources, was a dreadnought battleship of the Brazilian Navy. Named in honor of the state of Minas Gerais, the ship was laid down in April 1907 as the lead ship of its class, making the country the third to have a dreadnought under construction and igniting a naval arms race between Brazil, Argentina, and Chile.
Two months after its completion in January 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was featured in ''Scientific American'', which described it as "the last word in heavy battleship design and the ... most powerfully armed warship afloat". In November 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was the focal point of the Revolt of the Lash. The mutiny spread from ''Minas Geraes'' to other ships in the Navy, including its sister , the elderly coastal defense ship ''Deodoro'', and the recently commissioned cruiser . Led by the "Black Admiral" João Cândido Felisberto, the mutineers threatened to bombard the Brazilian capital of Rio de Janeiro if their demands were not met. As it was not possible to end the situation militarily—the only loyal troops nearby being small torpedo boats and army troops confined to land—the National Congress of Brazil gave in and the rebels disbanded.
When Brazil entered the First World War in 1917, Britain's Royal Navy declined Brazil's offer of ''Minas Geraes'' for duty with the Grand Fleet because the ship was outdated; it had not been refitted since entering service, so range-finders and a fire-control system had not been added. ''São Paulo'' underwent modernization in the United States in 1920; in 1921, ''Minas Geraes'' received the same treatment. A year later, ''Minas Geraes'' sailed to counter the first of the Tenente revolts. ''São Paulo'' shelled the rebels' fort, and they surrendered shortly thereafter; ''Minas Geraes'' did not fire its guns. In 1924, mutineers seized ''São Paulo'' and attempted to persuade the crews of ''Minas Geraes'' and several other ships to join them, but were unsuccessful.
''Minas Geraes'' was modernized at the Rio de Janeiro Naval Yard in the 1930s, and underwent further refitting from 1939 to 1943. During the Second World War, the ship was anchored in Salvador as the main defense of the port, as it was too old to play an active part in the war. For the last nine years of its service life, ''Minas Geraes'' remained largely inactive, and was towed to Italy for scrapping in March 1954.
== Background ==
Beginning in the late 1880s, Brazil's navy fell into obsolescence, helped along by an 1889 revolution, which deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II, and naval revolts in 1891 and 1893–94.〔Barman, ''Citizen Emperor'', 403; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75.〕 By the turn of the 20th century it was lagging behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage,〔Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75.〕 despite Brazil having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile.〔Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.〕
At the turn of the twentieth century, soaring demand for coffee and rubber brought prosperity to the Brazilian economy.〔Scheina, "Brazil," 403.〕 The government of Brazil used some of the extra money from this economic growth to finance a large naval building program in 1904,〔Scheina, "Brazil," 404.〕 which authorized the construction of a large number of warships, including three battleships.〔Scheina, ''Naval History'', 80; English, ''Armed Forces'', 108.〕 The Minister of the Navy, Admiral Júlio César de Noronha, signed a contract with Armstrong Whitworth for three battleships on 23 July 1906.〔Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240–245.〕 While the first designs for these ships were derived from the Norwegian coastal defense ship ''Norge'' and the British (originally Chilean) , the contracted ships were to follow Armstrong Whitworth's Design 439 (Design 188 in Vickers' files). They would displace 11,800 long tons (12,000 tonnes), have a speed of 19 knots (22 mph; 35 km/h), and be protected by belt armor of 9 inches (23 cm) and deck armor of 1.5 in (3.8 cm). Each ship would be armed with twelve 10-inch (25 cm) guns mounted in six twin turrets. These turrets would be mounted in a hexagonal configuration, similar to the later German s.〔Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 244–246.〕
Two of these ships were laid down by Armstrong in Elswick (''Minas Geraes'' and ''Rio de Janeiro''), while the other was subcontracted out to Vickers in Barrow (''São Paulo''). The new dreadnought concept, which premiered in December 1906 upon the completion of the namesake ship in December 1906, rendered the Brazilian ships obsolete.〔Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 246.〕 The money authorized for naval expansion was redirected by new Minister of the Navy, Rear Admiral Alexandrino Fario de Alencar, to building two dreadnoughts, with plans for a third dreadnought after the first was completed, two scout cruisers (which became the ), ten destroyers (the ), and three submarines.〔Scheina, ''Naval History'', 81; ''Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers'', "Brazil," 883.〕 The three battleships on which construction had just begun were demolished beginning on 7 January 1907, and the design of the new dreadnoughts was approved by the Brazilians on 20 February 1907.〔
Even though the greater cost of these ships meant that only two ships could begin immediately, plans went ahead.〔Whitley, ''Battleships'', 24.〕 ''Minas Geraes'', the lead ship, was laid down by Armstrong on 17 April 1907, while ''São Paulo'' followed thirteen days later at Vickers.〔Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Scheina, ''Naval History'', 321; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 249.〕 The news shocked Brazil's neighbors, especially Argentina, whose Minister of Foreign Affairs remarked that either ''Minas Geraes'' or ''São Paulo'' could destroy the entire Argentine and Chilean fleets.〔Martins, "Colossos do mares," 76.〕 In addition, Brazil's order meant that they had laid down a dreadnought before many of the other major maritime powers, such as Germany, France or Russia, and the two ships made Brazil just the third country to have dreadnoughts under construction, behind the United Kingdom and the United States.〔Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Whitley, ''Battleships'', 13.〕 In particular, the United States now actively attempted to court Brazil as an ally; caught up in the spirit, U.S. naval journals began using terms like "Pan Americanism" and "Hemispheric Cooperation". Newspapers and journals around the world, particularly in Britain and Germany, speculated that Brazil was acting as a proxy for a naval power which would take possession of the two dreadnoughts soon after completion, as they did not believe that a previously insignificant geopolitical power would contract for such powerful armament.〔Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 77.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「'''''Minas Geraes''''', spelled '''''Minas Gerais''''' in some sources, was a dreadnought battleship of the Brazilian Navy. Named in honor of the state of Minas Gerais, the ship was laid down in April 1907 as the lead ship of its class, making the country the third to have a dreadnought under construction and igniting a naval arms race between Brazil, Argentina, and Chile.Two months after its completion in January 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was featured in ''Scientific American'', which described it as "the last word in heavy battleship design and the ... most powerfully armed warship afloat". In November 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was the focal point of the Revolt of the Lash. The mutiny spread from ''Minas Geraes'' to other ships in the Navy, including its sister , the elderly coastal defense ship ''Deodoro'', and the recently commissioned cruiser . Led by the "Black Admiral" João Cândido Felisberto, the mutineers threatened to bombard the Brazilian capital of Rio de Janeiro if their demands were not met. As it was not possible to end the situation militarily—the only loyal troops nearby being small torpedo boats and army troops confined to land—the National Congress of Brazil gave in and the rebels disbanded.When Brazil entered the First World War in 1917, Britain's Royal Navy declined Brazil's offer of ''Minas Geraes'' for duty with the Grand Fleet because the ship was outdated; it had not been refitted since entering service, so range-finders and a fire-control system had not been added. ''São Paulo'' underwent modernization in the United States in 1920; in 1921, ''Minas Geraes'' received the same treatment. A year later, ''Minas Geraes'' sailed to counter the first of the Tenente revolts. ''São Paulo'' shelled the rebels' fort, and they surrendered shortly thereafter; ''Minas Geraes'' did not fire its guns. In 1924, mutineers seized ''São Paulo'' and attempted to persuade the crews of ''Minas Geraes'' and several other ships to join them, but were unsuccessful.''Minas Geraes'' was modernized at the Rio de Janeiro Naval Yard in the 1930s, and underwent further refitting from 1939 to 1943. During the Second World War, the ship was anchored in Salvador as the main defense of the port, as it was too old to play an active part in the war. For the last nine years of its service life, ''Minas Geraes'' remained largely inactive, and was towed to Italy for scrapping in March 1954.== Background ==Beginning in the late 1880s, Brazil's navy fell into obsolescence, helped along by an 1889 revolution, which deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II, and naval revolts in 1891 and 1893–94.Barman, ''Citizen Emperor'', 403; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. By the turn of the 20th century it was lagging behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage,Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. despite Brazil having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile.Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.At the turn of the twentieth century, soaring demand for coffee and rubber brought prosperity to the Brazilian economy.Scheina, "Brazil," 403. The government of Brazil used some of the extra money from this economic growth to finance a large naval building program in 1904,Scheina, "Brazil," 404. which authorized the construction of a large number of warships, including three battleships.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 80; English, ''Armed Forces'', 108. The Minister of the Navy, Admiral Júlio César de Noronha, signed a contract with Armstrong Whitworth for three battleships on 23 July 1906.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240–245. While the first designs for these ships were derived from the Norwegian coastal defense ship ''Norge'' and the British (originally Chilean) , the contracted ships were to follow Armstrong Whitworth's Design 439 (Design 188 in Vickers' files). They would displace 11,800 long tons (12,000 tonnes), have a speed of 19 knots (22 mph; 35 km/h), and be protected by belt armor of 9 inches (23 cm) and deck armor of 1.5 in (3.8 cm). Each ship would be armed with twelve 10-inch (25 cm) guns mounted in six twin turrets. These turrets would be mounted in a hexagonal configuration, similar to the later German s.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 244–246.Two of these ships were laid down by Armstrong in Elswick (''Minas Geraes'' and ''Rio de Janeiro''), while the other was subcontracted out to Vickers in Barrow (''São Paulo''). The new dreadnought concept, which premiered in December 1906 upon the completion of the namesake ship in December 1906, rendered the Brazilian ships obsolete.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 246. The money authorized for naval expansion was redirected by new Minister of the Navy, Rear Admiral Alexandrino Fario de Alencar, to building two dreadnoughts, with plans for a third dreadnought after the first was completed, two scout cruisers (which became the ), ten destroyers (the ), and three submarines.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 81; ''Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers'', "Brazil," 883. The three battleships on which construction had just begun were demolished beginning on 7 January 1907, and the design of the new dreadnoughts was approved by the Brazilians on 20 February 1907.Even though the greater cost of these ships meant that only two ships could begin immediately, plans went ahead.Whitley, ''Battleships'', 24. ''Minas Geraes'', the lead ship, was laid down by Armstrong on 17 April 1907, while ''São Paulo'' followed thirteen days later at Vickers.Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Scheina, ''Naval History'', 321; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 249. The news shocked Brazil's neighbors, especially Argentina, whose Minister of Foreign Affairs remarked that either ''Minas Geraes'' or ''São Paulo'' could destroy the entire Argentine and Chilean fleets.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 76. In addition, Brazil's order meant that they had laid down a dreadnought before many of the other major maritime powers, such as Germany, France or Russia, and the two ships made Brazil just the third country to have dreadnoughts under construction, behind the United Kingdom and the United States.Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Whitley, ''Battleships'', 13. In particular, the United States now actively attempted to court Brazil as an ally; caught up in the spirit, U.S. naval journals began using terms like "Pan Americanism" and "Hemispheric Cooperation". Newspapers and journals around the world, particularly in Britain and Germany, speculated that Brazil was acting as a proxy for a naval power which would take possession of the two dreadnoughts soon after completion, as they did not believe that a previously insignificant geopolitical power would contract for such powerful armament.Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 77.」の詳細全文を読む
'Minas Geraes'', spelled '''''Minas Gerais''''' in some sources, was a dreadnought battleship of the Brazilian Navy. Named in honor of the state of Minas Gerais, the ship was laid down in April 1907 as the lead ship of its class, making the country the third to have a dreadnought under construction and igniting a naval arms race between Brazil, Argentina, and Chile.Two months after its completion in January 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was featured in ''Scientific American'', which described it as "the last word in heavy battleship design and the ... most powerfully armed warship afloat". In November 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was the focal point of the Revolt of the Lash. The mutiny spread from ''Minas Geraes'' to other ships in the Navy, including its sister , the elderly coastal defense ship ''Deodoro'', and the recently commissioned cruiser . Led by the "Black Admiral" João Cândido Felisberto, the mutineers threatened to bombard the Brazilian capital of Rio de Janeiro if their demands were not met. As it was not possible to end the situation militarily—the only loyal troops nearby being small torpedo boats and army troops confined to land—the National Congress of Brazil gave in and the rebels disbanded.When Brazil entered the First World War in 1917, Britain's Royal Navy declined Brazil's offer of ''Minas Geraes'' for duty with the Grand Fleet because the ship was outdated; it had not been refitted since entering service, so range-finders and a fire-control system had not been added. ''São Paulo'' underwent modernization in the United States in 1920; in 1921, ''Minas Geraes'' received the same treatment. A year later, ''Minas Geraes'' sailed to counter the first of the Tenente revolts. ''São Paulo'' shelled the rebels' fort, and they surrendered shortly thereafter; ''Minas Geraes'' did not fire its guns. In 1924, mutineers seized ''São Paulo'' and attempted to persuade the crews of ''Minas Geraes'' and several other ships to join them, but were unsuccessful.''Minas Geraes'' was modernized at the Rio de Janeiro Naval Yard in the 1930s, and underwent further refitting from 1939 to 1943. During the Second World War, the ship was anchored in Salvador as the main defense of the port, as it was too old to play an active part in the war. For the last nine years of its service life, ''Minas Geraes'' remained largely inactive, and was towed to Italy for scrapping in March 1954.== Background ==Beginning in the late 1880s, Brazil's navy fell into obsolescence, helped along by an 1889 revolution, which deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II, and naval revolts in 1891 and 1893–94.Barman, ''Citizen Emperor'', 403; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. By the turn of the 20th century it was lagging behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage,Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. despite Brazil having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile.Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.At the turn of the twentieth century, soaring demand for coffee and rubber brought prosperity to the Brazilian economy.Scheina, "Brazil," 403. The government of Brazil used some of the extra money from this economic growth to finance a large naval building program in 1904,Scheina, "Brazil," 404. which authorized the construction of a large number of warships, including three battleships.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 80; English, ''Armed Forces'', 108. The Minister of the Navy, Admiral Júlio César de Noronha, signed a contract with Armstrong Whitworth for three battleships on 23 July 1906.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240–245. While the first designs for these ships were derived from the Norwegian coastal defense ship ''Norge'' and the British (originally Chilean) , the contracted ships were to follow Armstrong Whitworth's Design 439 (Design 188 in Vickers' files). They would displace 11,800 long tons (12,000 tonnes), have a speed of 19 knots (22 mph; 35 km/h), and be protected by belt armor of 9 inches (23 cm) and deck armor of 1.5 in (3.8 cm). Each ship would be armed with twelve 10-inch (25 cm) guns mounted in six twin turrets. These turrets would be mounted in a hexagonal configuration, similar to the later German s.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 244–246.Two of these ships were laid down by Armstrong in Elswick (''Minas Geraes'' and ''Rio de Janeiro''), while the other was subcontracted out to Vickers in Barrow (''São Paulo''). The new dreadnought concept, which premiered in December 1906 upon the completion of the namesake ship in December 1906, rendered the Brazilian ships obsolete.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 246. The money authorized for naval expansion was redirected by new Minister of the Navy, Rear Admiral Alexandrino Fario de Alencar, to building two dreadnoughts, with plans for a third dreadnought after the first was completed, two scout cruisers (which became the ), ten destroyers (the ), and three submarines.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 81; ''Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers'', "Brazil," 883. The three battleships on which construction had just begun were demolished beginning on 7 January 1907, and the design of the new dreadnoughts was approved by the Brazilians on 20 February 1907.Even though the greater cost of these ships meant that only two ships could begin immediately, plans went ahead.Whitley, ''Battleships'', 24. ''Minas Geraes'', the lead ship, was laid down by Armstrong on 17 April 1907, while ''São Paulo'' followed thirteen days later at Vickers.Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Scheina, ''Naval History'', 321; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 249. The news shocked Brazil's neighbors, especially Argentina, whose Minister of Foreign Affairs remarked that either ''Minas Geraes'' or ''São Paulo'' could destroy the entire Argentine and Chilean fleets.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 76. In addition, Brazil's order meant that they had laid down a dreadnought before many of the other major maritime powers, such as Germany, France or Russia, and the two ships made Brazil just the third country to have dreadnoughts under construction, behind the United Kingdom and the United States.Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Whitley, ''Battleships'', 13. In particular, the United States now actively attempted to court Brazil as an ally; caught up in the spirit, U.S. naval journals began using terms like "Pan Americanism" and "Hemispheric Cooperation". Newspapers and journals around the world, particularly in Britain and Germany, speculated that Brazil was acting as a proxy for a naval power which would take possession of the two dreadnoughts soon after completion, as they did not believe that a previously insignificant geopolitical power would contract for such powerful armament.Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 77.
''Minas Geraes'', spelled ''Minas Gerais'' in some sources, was a dreadnought battleship of the Brazilian Navy. Named in honor of the state of Minas Gerais, the ship was laid down in April 1907 as the lead ship of its class, making the country the third to have a dreadnought under construction and igniting a naval arms race between Brazil, Argentina, and Chile.
Two months after its completion in January 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was featured in ''Scientific American'', which described it as "the last word in heavy battleship design and the ... most powerfully armed warship afloat". In November 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was the focal point of the Revolt of the Lash. The mutiny spread from ''Minas Geraes'' to other ships in the Navy, including its sister , the elderly coastal defense ship ''Deodoro'', and the recently commissioned cruiser . Led by the "Black Admiral" João Cândido Felisberto, the mutineers threatened to bombard the Brazilian capital of Rio de Janeiro if their demands were not met. As it was not possible to end the situation militarily—the only loyal troops nearby being small torpedo boats and army troops confined to land—the National Congress of Brazil gave in and the rebels disbanded.
When Brazil entered the First World War in 1917, Britain's Royal Navy declined Brazil's offer of ''Minas Geraes'' for duty with the Grand Fleet because the ship was outdated; it had not been refitted since entering service, so range-finders and a fire-control system had not been added. ''São Paulo'' underwent modernization in the United States in 1920; in 1921, ''Minas Geraes'' received the same treatment. A year later, ''Minas Geraes'' sailed to counter the first of the Tenente revolts. ''São Paulo'' shelled the rebels' fort, and they surrendered shortly thereafter; ''Minas Geraes'' did not fire its guns. In 1924, mutineers seized ''São Paulo'' and attempted to persuade the crews of ''Minas Geraes'' and several other ships to join them, but were unsuccessful.
''Minas Geraes'' was modernized at the Rio de Janeiro Naval Yard in the 1930s, and underwent further refitting from 1939 to 1943. During the Second World War, the ship was anchored in Salvador as the main defense of the port, as it was too old to play an active part in the war. For the last nine years of its service life, ''Minas Geraes'' remained largely inactive, and was towed to Italy for scrapping in March 1954.
== Background ==
Beginning in the late 1880s, Brazil's navy fell into obsolescence, helped along by an 1889 revolution, which deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II, and naval revolts in 1891 and 1893–94.〔Barman, ''Citizen Emperor'', 403; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75.〕 By the turn of the 20th century it was lagging behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage,〔Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75.〕 despite Brazil having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile.〔Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.〕
At the turn of the twentieth century, soaring demand for coffee and rubber brought prosperity to the Brazilian economy.〔Scheina, "Brazil," 403.〕 The government of Brazil used some of the extra money from this economic growth to finance a large naval building program in 1904,〔Scheina, "Brazil," 404.〕 which authorized the construction of a large number of warships, including three battleships.〔Scheina, ''Naval History'', 80; English, ''Armed Forces'', 108.〕 The Minister of the Navy, Admiral Júlio César de Noronha, signed a contract with Armstrong Whitworth for three battleships on 23 July 1906.〔Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240–245.〕 While the first designs for these ships were derived from the Norwegian coastal defense ship ''Norge'' and the British (originally Chilean) , the contracted ships were to follow Armstrong Whitworth's Design 439 (Design 188 in Vickers' files). They would displace 11,800 long tons (12,000 tonnes), have a speed of 19 knots (22 mph; 35 km/h), and be protected by belt armor of 9 inches (23 cm) and deck armor of 1.5 in (3.8 cm). Each ship would be armed with twelve 10-inch (25 cm) guns mounted in six twin turrets. These turrets would be mounted in a hexagonal configuration, similar to the later German s.〔Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 244–246.〕
Two of these ships were laid down by Armstrong in Elswick (''Minas Geraes'' and ''Rio de Janeiro''), while the other was subcontracted out to Vickers in Barrow (''São Paulo''). The new dreadnought concept, which premiered in December 1906 upon the completion of the namesake ship in December 1906, rendered the Brazilian ships obsolete.〔Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 246.〕 The money authorized for naval expansion was redirected by new Minister of the Navy, Rear Admiral Alexandrino Fario de Alencar, to building two dreadnoughts, with plans for a third dreadnought after the first was completed, two scout cruisers (which became the ), ten destroyers (the ), and three submarines.〔Scheina, ''Naval History'', 81; ''Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers'', "Brazil," 883.〕 The three battleships on which construction had just begun were demolished beginning on 7 January 1907, and the design of the new dreadnoughts was approved by the Brazilians on 20 February 1907.〔
Even though the greater cost of these ships meant that only two ships could begin immediately, plans went ahead.〔Whitley, ''Battleships'', 24.〕 ''Minas Geraes'', the lead ship, was laid down by Armstrong on 17 April 1907, while ''São Paulo'' followed thirteen days later at Vickers.〔Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Scheina, ''Naval History'', 321; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 249.〕 The news shocked Brazil's neighbors, especially Argentina, whose Minister of Foreign Affairs remarked that either ''Minas Geraes'' or ''São Paulo'' could destroy the entire Argentine and Chilean fleets.〔Martins, "Colossos do mares," 76.〕 In addition, Brazil's order meant that they had laid down a dreadnought before many of the other major maritime powers, such as Germany, France or Russia, and the two ships made Brazil just the third country to have dreadnoughts under construction, behind the United Kingdom and the United States.〔Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Whitley, ''Battleships'', 13.〕 In particular, the United States now actively attempted to court Brazil as an ally; caught up in the spirit, U.S. naval journals began using terms like "Pan Americanism" and "Hemispheric Cooperation". Newspapers and journals around the world, particularly in Britain and Germany, speculated that Brazil was acting as a proxy for a naval power which would take possession of the two dreadnoughts soon after completion, as they did not believe that a previously insignificant geopolitical power would contract for such powerful armament.〔Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 77.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「'''''Minas Geraes''''', spelled '''''Minas Gerais''''' in some sources, was a dreadnought battleship of the Brazilian Navy. Named in honor of the state of Minas Gerais, the ship was laid down in April 1907 as the lead ship of its class, making the country the third to have a dreadnought under construction and igniting a naval arms race between Brazil, Argentina, and Chile.Two months after its completion in January 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was featured in ''Scientific American'', which described it as "the last word in heavy battleship design and the ... most powerfully armed warship afloat". In November 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was the focal point of the Revolt of the Lash. The mutiny spread from ''Minas Geraes'' to other ships in the Navy, including its sister , the elderly coastal defense ship ''Deodoro'', and the recently commissioned cruiser . Led by the "Black Admiral" João Cândido Felisberto, the mutineers threatened to bombard the Brazilian capital of Rio de Janeiro if their demands were not met. As it was not possible to end the situation militarily—the only loyal troops nearby being small torpedo boats and army troops confined to land—the National Congress of Brazil gave in and the rebels disbanded.When Brazil entered the First World War in 1917, Britain's Royal Navy declined Brazil's offer of ''Minas Geraes'' for duty with the Grand Fleet because the ship was outdated; it had not been refitted since entering service, so range-finders and a fire-control system had not been added. ''São Paulo'' underwent modernization in the United States in 1920; in 1921, ''Minas Geraes'' received the same treatment. A year later, ''Minas Geraes'' sailed to counter the first of the Tenente revolts. ''São Paulo'' shelled the rebels' fort, and they surrendered shortly thereafter; ''Minas Geraes'' did not fire its guns. In 1924, mutineers seized ''São Paulo'' and attempted to persuade the crews of ''Minas Geraes'' and several other ships to join them, but were unsuccessful.''Minas Geraes'' was modernized at the Rio de Janeiro Naval Yard in the 1930s, and underwent further refitting from 1939 to 1943. During the Second World War, the ship was anchored in Salvador as the main defense of the port, as it was too old to play an active part in the war. For the last nine years of its service life, ''Minas Geraes'' remained largely inactive, and was towed to Italy for scrapping in March 1954.== Background ==Beginning in the late 1880s, Brazil's navy fell into obsolescence, helped along by an 1889 revolution, which deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II, and naval revolts in 1891 and 1893–94.Barman, ''Citizen Emperor'', 403; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. By the turn of the 20th century it was lagging behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage,Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. despite Brazil having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile.Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.At the turn of the twentieth century, soaring demand for coffee and rubber brought prosperity to the Brazilian economy.Scheina, "Brazil," 403. The government of Brazil used some of the extra money from this economic growth to finance a large naval building program in 1904,Scheina, "Brazil," 404. which authorized the construction of a large number of warships, including three battleships.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 80; English, ''Armed Forces'', 108. The Minister of the Navy, Admiral Júlio César de Noronha, signed a contract with Armstrong Whitworth for three battleships on 23 July 1906.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240–245. While the first designs for these ships were derived from the Norwegian coastal defense ship ''Norge'' and the British (originally Chilean) , the contracted ships were to follow Armstrong Whitworth's Design 439 (Design 188 in Vickers' files). They would displace 11,800 long tons (12,000 tonnes), have a speed of 19 knots (22 mph; 35 km/h), and be protected by belt armor of 9 inches (23 cm) and deck armor of 1.5 in (3.8 cm). Each ship would be armed with twelve 10-inch (25 cm) guns mounted in six twin turrets. These turrets would be mounted in a hexagonal configuration, similar to the later German s.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 244–246.Two of these ships were laid down by Armstrong in Elswick (''Minas Geraes'' and ''Rio de Janeiro''), while the other was subcontracted out to Vickers in Barrow (''São Paulo''). The new dreadnought concept, which premiered in December 1906 upon the completion of the namesake ship in December 1906, rendered the Brazilian ships obsolete.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 246. The money authorized for naval expansion was redirected by new Minister of the Navy, Rear Admiral Alexandrino Fario de Alencar, to building two dreadnoughts, with plans for a third dreadnought after the first was completed, two scout cruisers (which became the ), ten destroyers (the ), and three submarines.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 81; ''Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers'', "Brazil," 883. The three battleships on which construction had just begun were demolished beginning on 7 January 1907, and the design of the new dreadnoughts was approved by the Brazilians on 20 February 1907.Even though the greater cost of these ships meant that only two ships could begin immediately, plans went ahead.Whitley, ''Battleships'', 24. ''Minas Geraes'', the lead ship, was laid down by Armstrong on 17 April 1907, while ''São Paulo'' followed thirteen days later at Vickers.Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Scheina, ''Naval History'', 321; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 249. The news shocked Brazil's neighbors, especially Argentina, whose Minister of Foreign Affairs remarked that either ''Minas Geraes'' or ''São Paulo'' could destroy the entire Argentine and Chilean fleets.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 76. In addition, Brazil's order meant that they had laid down a dreadnought before many of the other major maritime powers, such as Germany, France or Russia, and the two ships made Brazil just the third country to have dreadnoughts under construction, behind the United Kingdom and the United States.Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Whitley, ''Battleships'', 13. In particular, the United States now actively attempted to court Brazil as an ally; caught up in the spirit, U.S. naval journals began using terms like "Pan Americanism" and "Hemispheric Cooperation". Newspapers and journals around the world, particularly in Britain and Germany, speculated that Brazil was acting as a proxy for a naval power which would take possession of the two dreadnoughts soon after completion, as they did not believe that a previously insignificant geopolitical power would contract for such powerful armament.Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 77.」の詳細全文を読む
', spelled ''Minas Gerais''''' in some sources, was a dreadnought battleship of the Brazilian Navy. Named in honor of the state of Minas Gerais, the ship was laid down in April 1907 as the lead ship of its class, making the country the third to have a dreadnought under construction and igniting a naval arms race between Brazil, Argentina, and Chile.Two months after its completion in January 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was featured in ''Scientific American'', which described it as "the last word in heavy battleship design and the ... most powerfully armed warship afloat". In November 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was the focal point of the Revolt of the Lash. The mutiny spread from ''Minas Geraes'' to other ships in the Navy, including its sister , the elderly coastal defense ship ''Deodoro'', and the recently commissioned cruiser . Led by the "Black Admiral" João Cândido Felisberto, the mutineers threatened to bombard the Brazilian capital of Rio de Janeiro if their demands were not met. As it was not possible to end the situation militarily—the only loyal troops nearby being small torpedo boats and army troops confined to land—the National Congress of Brazil gave in and the rebels disbanded.When Brazil entered the First World War in 1917, Britain's Royal Navy declined Brazil's offer of ''Minas Geraes'' for duty with the Grand Fleet because the ship was outdated; it had not been refitted since entering service, so range-finders and a fire-control system had not been added. ''São Paulo'' underwent modernization in the United States in 1920; in 1921, ''Minas Geraes'' received the same treatment. A year later, ''Minas Geraes'' sailed to counter the first of the Tenente revolts. ''São Paulo'' shelled the rebels' fort, and they surrendered shortly thereafter; ''Minas Geraes'' did not fire its guns. In 1924, mutineers seized ''São Paulo'' and attempted to persuade the crews of ''Minas Geraes'' and several other ships to join them, but were unsuccessful.''Minas Geraes'' was modernized at the Rio de Janeiro Naval Yard in the 1930s, and underwent further refitting from 1939 to 1943. During the Second World War, the ship was anchored in Salvador as the main defense of the port, as it was too old to play an active part in the war. For the last nine years of its service life, ''Minas Geraes'' remained largely inactive, and was towed to Italy for scrapping in March 1954.== Background ==Beginning in the late 1880s, Brazil's navy fell into obsolescence, helped along by an 1889 revolution, which deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II, and naval revolts in 1891 and 1893–94.Barman, ''Citizen Emperor'', 403; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. By the turn of the 20th century it was lagging behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage,Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. despite Brazil having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile.Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.At the turn of the twentieth century, soaring demand for coffee and rubber brought prosperity to the Brazilian economy.Scheina, "Brazil," 403. The government of Brazil used some of the extra money from this economic growth to finance a large naval building program in 1904,Scheina, "Brazil," 404. which authorized the construction of a large number of warships, including three battleships.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 80; English, ''Armed Forces'', 108. The Minister of the Navy, Admiral Júlio César de Noronha, signed a contract with Armstrong Whitworth for three battleships on 23 July 1906.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240–245. While the first designs for these ships were derived from the Norwegian coastal defense ship ''Norge'' and the British (originally Chilean) , the contracted ships were to follow Armstrong Whitworth's Design 439 (Design 188 in Vickers' files). They would displace 11,800 long tons (12,000 tonnes), have a speed of 19 knots (22 mph; 35 km/h), and be protected by belt armor of 9 inches (23 cm) and deck armor of 1.5 in (3.8 cm). Each ship would be armed with twelve 10-inch (25 cm) guns mounted in six twin turrets. These turrets would be mounted in a hexagonal configuration, similar to the later German s.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 244–246.Two of these ships were laid down by Armstrong in Elswick (''Minas Geraes'' and ''Rio de Janeiro''), while the other was subcontracted out to Vickers in Barrow (''São Paulo''). The new dreadnought concept, which premiered in December 1906 upon the completion of the namesake ship in December 1906, rendered the Brazilian ships obsolete.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 246. The money authorized for naval expansion was redirected by new Minister of the Navy, Rear Admiral Alexandrino Fario de Alencar, to building two dreadnoughts, with plans for a third dreadnought after the first was completed, two scout cruisers (which became the ), ten destroyers (the ), and three submarines.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 81; ''Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers'', "Brazil," 883. The three battleships on which construction had just begun were demolished beginning on 7 January 1907, and the design of the new dreadnoughts was approved by the Brazilians on 20 February 1907.Even though the greater cost of these ships meant that only two ships could begin immediately, plans went ahead.Whitley, ''Battleships'', 24. ''Minas Geraes'', the lead ship, was laid down by Armstrong on 17 April 1907, while ''São Paulo'' followed thirteen days later at Vickers.Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Scheina, ''Naval History'', 321; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 249. The news shocked Brazil's neighbors, especially Argentina, whose Minister of Foreign Affairs remarked that either ''Minas Geraes'' or ''São Paulo'' could destroy the entire Argentine and Chilean fleets.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 76. In addition, Brazil's order meant that they had laid down a dreadnought before many of the other major maritime powers, such as Germany, France or Russia, and the two ships made Brazil just the third country to have dreadnoughts under construction, behind the United Kingdom and the United States.Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Whitley, ''Battleships'', 13. In particular, the United States now actively attempted to court Brazil as an ally; caught up in the spirit, U.S. naval journals began using terms like "Pan Americanism" and "Hemispheric Cooperation". Newspapers and journals around the world, particularly in Britain and Germany, speculated that Brazil was acting as a proxy for a naval power which would take possession of the two dreadnoughts soon after completion, as they did not believe that a previously insignificant geopolitical power would contract for such powerful armament.Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 77.
''Minas Geraes'', spelled ''Minas Gerais'' in some sources, was a dreadnought battleship of the Brazilian Navy. Named in honor of the state of Minas Gerais, the ship was laid down in April 1907 as the lead ship of its class, making the country the third to have a dreadnought under construction and igniting a naval arms race between Brazil, Argentina, and Chile.
Two months after its completion in January 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was featured in ''Scientific American'', which described it as "the last word in heavy battleship design and the ... most powerfully armed warship afloat". In November 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was the focal point of the Revolt of the Lash. The mutiny spread from ''Minas Geraes'' to other ships in the Navy, including its sister , the elderly coastal defense ship ''Deodoro'', and the recently commissioned cruiser . Led by the "Black Admiral" João Cândido Felisberto, the mutineers threatened to bombard the Brazilian capital of Rio de Janeiro if their demands were not met. As it was not possible to end the situation militarily—the only loyal troops nearby being small torpedo boats and army troops confined to land—the National Congress of Brazil gave in and the rebels disbanded.
When Brazil entered the First World War in 1917, Britain's Royal Navy declined Brazil's offer of ''Minas Geraes'' for duty with the Grand Fleet because the ship was outdated; it had not been refitted since entering service, so range-finders and a fire-control system had not been added. ''São Paulo'' underwent modernization in the United States in 1920; in 1921, ''Minas Geraes'' received the same treatment. A year later, ''Minas Geraes'' sailed to counter the first of the Tenente revolts. ''São Paulo'' shelled the rebels' fort, and they surrendered shortly thereafter; ''Minas Geraes'' did not fire its guns. In 1924, mutineers seized ''São Paulo'' and attempted to persuade the crews of ''Minas Geraes'' and several other ships to join them, but were unsuccessful.
''Minas Geraes'' was modernized at the Rio de Janeiro Naval Yard in the 1930s, and underwent further refitting from 1939 to 1943. During the Second World War, the ship was anchored in Salvador as the main defense of the port, as it was too old to play an active part in the war. For the last nine years of its service life, ''Minas Geraes'' remained largely inactive, and was towed to Italy for scrapping in March 1954.
== Background ==
Beginning in the late 1880s, Brazil's navy fell into obsolescence, helped along by an 1889 revolution, which deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II, and naval revolts in 1891 and 1893–94.〔Barman, ''Citizen Emperor'', 403; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75.〕 By the turn of the 20th century it was lagging behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage,〔Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75.〕 despite Brazil having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile.〔Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.〕
At the turn of the twentieth century, soaring demand for coffee and rubber brought prosperity to the Brazilian economy.〔Scheina, "Brazil," 403.〕 The government of Brazil used some of the extra money from this economic growth to finance a large naval building program in 1904,〔Scheina, "Brazil," 404.〕 which authorized the construction of a large number of warships, including three battleships.〔Scheina, ''Naval History'', 80; English, ''Armed Forces'', 108.〕 The Minister of the Navy, Admiral Júlio César de Noronha, signed a contract with Armstrong Whitworth for three battleships on 23 July 1906.〔Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240–245.〕 While the first designs for these ships were derived from the Norwegian coastal defense ship ''Norge'' and the British (originally Chilean) , the contracted ships were to follow Armstrong Whitworth's Design 439 (Design 188 in Vickers' files). They would displace 11,800 long tons (12,000 tonnes), have a speed of 19 knots (22 mph; 35 km/h), and be protected by belt armor of 9 inches (23 cm) and deck armor of 1.5 in (3.8 cm). Each ship would be armed with twelve 10-inch (25 cm) guns mounted in six twin turrets. These turrets would be mounted in a hexagonal configuration, similar to the later German s.〔Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 244–246.〕
Two of these ships were laid down by Armstrong in Elswick (''Minas Geraes'' and ''Rio de Janeiro''), while the other was subcontracted out to Vickers in Barrow (''São Paulo''). The new dreadnought concept, which premiered in December 1906 upon the completion of the namesake ship in December 1906, rendered the Brazilian ships obsolete.〔Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 246.〕 The money authorized for naval expansion was redirected by new Minister of the Navy, Rear Admiral Alexandrino Fario de Alencar, to building two dreadnoughts, with plans for a third dreadnought after the first was completed, two scout cruisers (which became the ), ten destroyers (the ), and three submarines.〔Scheina, ''Naval History'', 81; ''Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers'', "Brazil," 883.〕 The three battleships on which construction had just begun were demolished beginning on 7 January 1907, and the design of the new dreadnoughts was approved by the Brazilians on 20 February 1907.〔
Even though the greater cost of these ships meant that only two ships could begin immediately, plans went ahead.〔Whitley, ''Battleships'', 24.〕 ''Minas Geraes'', the lead ship, was laid down by Armstrong on 17 April 1907, while ''São Paulo'' followed thirteen days later at Vickers.〔Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Scheina, ''Naval History'', 321; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 249.〕 The news shocked Brazil's neighbors, especially Argentina, whose Minister of Foreign Affairs remarked that either ''Minas Geraes'' or ''São Paulo'' could destroy the entire Argentine and Chilean fleets.〔Martins, "Colossos do mares," 76.〕 In addition, Brazil's order meant that they had laid down a dreadnought before many of the other major maritime powers, such as Germany, France or Russia, and the two ships made Brazil just the third country to have dreadnoughts under construction, behind the United Kingdom and the United States.〔Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Whitley, ''Battleships'', 13.〕 In particular, the United States now actively attempted to court Brazil as an ally; caught up in the spirit, U.S. naval journals began using terms like "Pan Americanism" and "Hemispheric Cooperation". Newspapers and journals around the world, particularly in Britain and Germany, speculated that Brazil was acting as a proxy for a naval power which would take possession of the two dreadnoughts soon after completion, as they did not believe that a previously insignificant geopolitical power would contract for such powerful armament.〔Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 77.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「'''''Minas Geraes''''', spelled '''''Minas Gerais''''' in some sources, was a dreadnought battleship of the Brazilian Navy. Named in honor of the state of Minas Gerais, the ship was laid down in April 1907 as the lead ship of its class, making the country the third to have a dreadnought under construction and igniting a naval arms race between Brazil, Argentina, and Chile.Two months after its completion in January 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was featured in ''Scientific American'', which described it as "the last word in heavy battleship design and the ... most powerfully armed warship afloat". In November 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was the focal point of the Revolt of the Lash. The mutiny spread from ''Minas Geraes'' to other ships in the Navy, including its sister , the elderly coastal defense ship ''Deodoro'', and the recently commissioned cruiser . Led by the "Black Admiral" João Cândido Felisberto, the mutineers threatened to bombard the Brazilian capital of Rio de Janeiro if their demands were not met. As it was not possible to end the situation militarily—the only loyal troops nearby being small torpedo boats and army troops confined to land—the National Congress of Brazil gave in and the rebels disbanded.When Brazil entered the First World War in 1917, Britain's Royal Navy declined Brazil's offer of ''Minas Geraes'' for duty with the Grand Fleet because the ship was outdated; it had not been refitted since entering service, so range-finders and a fire-control system had not been added. ''São Paulo'' underwent modernization in the United States in 1920; in 1921, ''Minas Geraes'' received the same treatment. A year later, ''Minas Geraes'' sailed to counter the first of the Tenente revolts. ''São Paulo'' shelled the rebels' fort, and they surrendered shortly thereafter; ''Minas Geraes'' did not fire its guns. In 1924, mutineers seized ''São Paulo'' and attempted to persuade the crews of ''Minas Geraes'' and several other ships to join them, but were unsuccessful.''Minas Geraes'' was modernized at the Rio de Janeiro Naval Yard in the 1930s, and underwent further refitting from 1939 to 1943. During the Second World War, the ship was anchored in Salvador as the main defense of the port, as it was too old to play an active part in the war. For the last nine years of its service life, ''Minas Geraes'' remained largely inactive, and was towed to Italy for scrapping in March 1954.== Background ==Beginning in the late 1880s, Brazil's navy fell into obsolescence, helped along by an 1889 revolution, which deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II, and naval revolts in 1891 and 1893–94.Barman, ''Citizen Emperor'', 403; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. By the turn of the 20th century it was lagging behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage,Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. despite Brazil having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile.Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.At the turn of the twentieth century, soaring demand for coffee and rubber brought prosperity to the Brazilian economy.Scheina, "Brazil," 403. The government of Brazil used some of the extra money from this economic growth to finance a large naval building program in 1904,Scheina, "Brazil," 404. which authorized the construction of a large number of warships, including three battleships.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 80; English, ''Armed Forces'', 108. The Minister of the Navy, Admiral Júlio César de Noronha, signed a contract with Armstrong Whitworth for three battleships on 23 July 1906.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240–245. While the first designs for these ships were derived from the Norwegian coastal defense ship ''Norge'' and the British (originally Chilean) , the contracted ships were to follow Armstrong Whitworth's Design 439 (Design 188 in Vickers' files). They would displace 11,800 long tons (12,000 tonnes), have a speed of 19 knots (22 mph; 35 km/h), and be protected by belt armor of 9 inches (23 cm) and deck armor of 1.5 in (3.8 cm). Each ship would be armed with twelve 10-inch (25 cm) guns mounted in six twin turrets. These turrets would be mounted in a hexagonal configuration, similar to the later German s.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 244–246.Two of these ships were laid down by Armstrong in Elswick (''Minas Geraes'' and ''Rio de Janeiro''), while the other was subcontracted out to Vickers in Barrow (''São Paulo''). The new dreadnought concept, which premiered in December 1906 upon the completion of the namesake ship in December 1906, rendered the Brazilian ships obsolete.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 246. The money authorized for naval expansion was redirected by new Minister of the Navy, Rear Admiral Alexandrino Fario de Alencar, to building two dreadnoughts, with plans for a third dreadnought after the first was completed, two scout cruisers (which became the ), ten destroyers (the ), and three submarines.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 81; ''Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers'', "Brazil," 883. The three battleships on which construction had just begun were demolished beginning on 7 January 1907, and the design of the new dreadnoughts was approved by the Brazilians on 20 February 1907.Even though the greater cost of these ships meant that only two ships could begin immediately, plans went ahead.Whitley, ''Battleships'', 24. ''Minas Geraes'', the lead ship, was laid down by Armstrong on 17 April 1907, while ''São Paulo'' followed thirteen days later at Vickers.Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Scheina, ''Naval History'', 321; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 249. The news shocked Brazil's neighbors, especially Argentina, whose Minister of Foreign Affairs remarked that either ''Minas Geraes'' or ''São Paulo'' could destroy the entire Argentine and Chilean fleets.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 76. In addition, Brazil's order meant that they had laid down a dreadnought before many of the other major maritime powers, such as Germany, France or Russia, and the two ships made Brazil just the third country to have dreadnoughts under construction, behind the United Kingdom and the United States.Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Whitley, ''Battleships'', 13. In particular, the United States now actively attempted to court Brazil as an ally; caught up in the spirit, U.S. naval journals began using terms like "Pan Americanism" and "Hemispheric Cooperation". Newspapers and journals around the world, particularly in Britain and Germany, speculated that Brazil was acting as a proxy for a naval power which would take possession of the two dreadnoughts soon after completion, as they did not believe that a previously insignificant geopolitical power would contract for such powerful armament.Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 77.」の詳細全文を読む
'Minas Gerais'' in some sources, was a dreadnought battleship of the Brazilian Navy. Named in honor of the state of Minas Gerais, the ship was laid down in April 1907 as the lead ship of its class, making the country the third to have a dreadnought under construction and igniting a naval arms race between Brazil, Argentina, and Chile.Two months after its completion in January 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was featured in ''Scientific American'', which described it as "the last word in heavy battleship design and the ... most powerfully armed warship afloat". In November 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was the focal point of the Revolt of the Lash. The mutiny spread from ''Minas Geraes'' to other ships in the Navy, including its sister , the elderly coastal defense ship ''Deodoro'', and the recently commissioned cruiser . Led by the "Black Admiral" João Cândido Felisberto, the mutineers threatened to bombard the Brazilian capital of Rio de Janeiro if their demands were not met. As it was not possible to end the situation militarily—the only loyal troops nearby being small torpedo boats and army troops confined to land—the National Congress of Brazil gave in and the rebels disbanded.When Brazil entered the First World War in 1917, Britain's Royal Navy declined Brazil's offer of ''Minas Geraes'' for duty with the Grand Fleet because the ship was outdated; it had not been refitted since entering service, so range-finders and a fire-control system had not been added. ''São Paulo'' underwent modernization in the United States in 1920; in 1921, ''Minas Geraes'' received the same treatment. A year later, ''Minas Geraes'' sailed to counter the first of the Tenente revolts. ''São Paulo'' shelled the rebels' fort, and they surrendered shortly thereafter; ''Minas Geraes'' did not fire its guns. In 1924, mutineers seized ''São Paulo'' and attempted to persuade the crews of ''Minas Geraes'' and several other ships to join them, but were unsuccessful.''Minas Geraes'' was modernized at the Rio de Janeiro Naval Yard in the 1930s, and underwent further refitting from 1939 to 1943. During the Second World War, the ship was anchored in Salvador as the main defense of the port, as it was too old to play an active part in the war. For the last nine years of its service life, ''Minas Geraes'' remained largely inactive, and was towed to Italy for scrapping in March 1954.== Background ==Beginning in the late 1880s, Brazil's navy fell into obsolescence, helped along by an 1889 revolution, which deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II, and naval revolts in 1891 and 1893–94.Barman, ''Citizen Emperor'', 403; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. By the turn of the 20th century it was lagging behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage,Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. despite Brazil having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile.Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.At the turn of the twentieth century, soaring demand for coffee and rubber brought prosperity to the Brazilian economy.Scheina, "Brazil," 403. The government of Brazil used some of the extra money from this economic growth to finance a large naval building program in 1904,Scheina, "Brazil," 404. which authorized the construction of a large number of warships, including three battleships.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 80; English, ''Armed Forces'', 108. The Minister of the Navy, Admiral Júlio César de Noronha, signed a contract with Armstrong Whitworth for three battleships on 23 July 1906.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240–245. While the first designs for these ships were derived from the Norwegian coastal defense ship ''Norge'' and the British (originally Chilean) , the contracted ships were to follow Armstrong Whitworth's Design 439 (Design 188 in Vickers' files). They would displace 11,800 long tons (12,000 tonnes), have a speed of 19 knots (22 mph; 35 km/h), and be protected by belt armor of 9 inches (23 cm) and deck armor of 1.5 in (3.8 cm). Each ship would be armed with twelve 10-inch (25 cm) guns mounted in six twin turrets. These turrets would be mounted in a hexagonal configuration, similar to the later German s.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 244–246.Two of these ships were laid down by Armstrong in Elswick (''Minas Geraes'' and ''Rio de Janeiro''), while the other was subcontracted out to Vickers in Barrow (''São Paulo''). The new dreadnought concept, which premiered in December 1906 upon the completion of the namesake ship in December 1906, rendered the Brazilian ships obsolete.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 246. The money authorized for naval expansion was redirected by new Minister of the Navy, Rear Admiral Alexandrino Fario de Alencar, to building two dreadnoughts, with plans for a third dreadnought after the first was completed, two scout cruisers (which became the ), ten destroyers (the ), and three submarines.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 81; ''Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers'', "Brazil," 883. The three battleships on which construction had just begun were demolished beginning on 7 January 1907, and the design of the new dreadnoughts was approved by the Brazilians on 20 February 1907.Even though the greater cost of these ships meant that only two ships could begin immediately, plans went ahead.Whitley, ''Battleships'', 24. ''Minas Geraes'', the lead ship, was laid down by Armstrong on 17 April 1907, while ''São Paulo'' followed thirteen days later at Vickers.Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Scheina, ''Naval History'', 321; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 249. The news shocked Brazil's neighbors, especially Argentina, whose Minister of Foreign Affairs remarked that either ''Minas Geraes'' or ''São Paulo'' could destroy the entire Argentine and Chilean fleets.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 76. In addition, Brazil's order meant that they had laid down a dreadnought before many of the other major maritime powers, such as Germany, France or Russia, and the two ships made Brazil just the third country to have dreadnoughts under construction, behind the United Kingdom and the United States.Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Whitley, ''Battleships'', 13. In particular, the United States now actively attempted to court Brazil as an ally; caught up in the spirit, U.S. naval journals began using terms like "Pan Americanism" and "Hemispheric Cooperation". Newspapers and journals around the world, particularly in Britain and Germany, speculated that Brazil was acting as a proxy for a naval power which would take possession of the two dreadnoughts soon after completion, as they did not believe that a previously insignificant geopolitical power would contract for such powerful armament.Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 77.
''Minas Geraes'', spelled ''Minas Gerais'' in some sources, was a dreadnought battleship of the Brazilian Navy. Named in honor of the state of Minas Gerais, the ship was laid down in April 1907 as the lead ship of its class, making the country the third to have a dreadnought under construction and igniting a naval arms race between Brazil, Argentina, and Chile.
Two months after its completion in January 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was featured in ''Scientific American'', which described it as "the last word in heavy battleship design and the ... most powerfully armed warship afloat". In November 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was the focal point of the Revolt of the Lash. The mutiny spread from ''Minas Geraes'' to other ships in the Navy, including its sister , the elderly coastal defense ship ''Deodoro'', and the recently commissioned cruiser . Led by the "Black Admiral" João Cândido Felisberto, the mutineers threatened to bombard the Brazilian capital of Rio de Janeiro if their demands were not met. As it was not possible to end the situation militarily—the only loyal troops nearby being small torpedo boats and army troops confined to land—the National Congress of Brazil gave in and the rebels disbanded.
When Brazil entered the First World War in 1917, Britain's Royal Navy declined Brazil's offer of ''Minas Geraes'' for duty with the Grand Fleet because the ship was outdated; it had not been refitted since entering service, so range-finders and a fire-control system had not been added. ''São Paulo'' underwent modernization in the United States in 1920; in 1921, ''Minas Geraes'' received the same treatment. A year later, ''Minas Geraes'' sailed to counter the first of the Tenente revolts. ''São Paulo'' shelled the rebels' fort, and they surrendered shortly thereafter; ''Minas Geraes'' did not fire its guns. In 1924, mutineers seized ''São Paulo'' and attempted to persuade the crews of ''Minas Geraes'' and several other ships to join them, but were unsuccessful.
''Minas Geraes'' was modernized at the Rio de Janeiro Naval Yard in the 1930s, and underwent further refitting from 1939 to 1943. During the Second World War, the ship was anchored in Salvador as the main defense of the port, as it was too old to play an active part in the war. For the last nine years of its service life, ''Minas Geraes'' remained largely inactive, and was towed to Italy for scrapping in March 1954.
== Background ==
Beginning in the late 1880s, Brazil's navy fell into obsolescence, helped along by an 1889 revolution, which deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II, and naval revolts in 1891 and 1893–94.〔Barman, ''Citizen Emperor'', 403; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75.〕 By the turn of the 20th century it was lagging behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage,〔Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75.〕 despite Brazil having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile.〔Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.〕
At the turn of the twentieth century, soaring demand for coffee and rubber brought prosperity to the Brazilian economy.〔Scheina, "Brazil," 403.〕 The government of Brazil used some of the extra money from this economic growth to finance a large naval building program in 1904,〔Scheina, "Brazil," 404.〕 which authorized the construction of a large number of warships, including three battleships.〔Scheina, ''Naval History'', 80; English, ''Armed Forces'', 108.〕 The Minister of the Navy, Admiral Júlio César de Noronha, signed a contract with Armstrong Whitworth for three battleships on 23 July 1906.〔Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240–245.〕 While the first designs for these ships were derived from the Norwegian coastal defense ship ''Norge'' and the British (originally Chilean) , the contracted ships were to follow Armstrong Whitworth's Design 439 (Design 188 in Vickers' files). They would displace 11,800 long tons (12,000 tonnes), have a speed of 19 knots (22 mph; 35 km/h), and be protected by belt armor of 9 inches (23 cm) and deck armor of 1.5 in (3.8 cm). Each ship would be armed with twelve 10-inch (25 cm) guns mounted in six twin turrets. These turrets would be mounted in a hexagonal configuration, similar to the later German s.〔Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 244–246.〕
Two of these ships were laid down by Armstrong in Elswick (''Minas Geraes'' and ''Rio de Janeiro''), while the other was subcontracted out to Vickers in Barrow (''São Paulo''). The new dreadnought concept, which premiered in December 1906 upon the completion of the namesake ship in December 1906, rendered the Brazilian ships obsolete.〔Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 246.〕 The money authorized for naval expansion was redirected by new Minister of the Navy, Rear Admiral Alexandrino Fario de Alencar, to building two dreadnoughts, with plans for a third dreadnought after the first was completed, two scout cruisers (which became the ), ten destroyers (the ), and three submarines.〔Scheina, ''Naval History'', 81; ''Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers'', "Brazil," 883.〕 The three battleships on which construction had just begun were demolished beginning on 7 January 1907, and the design of the new dreadnoughts was approved by the Brazilians on 20 February 1907.〔
Even though the greater cost of these ships meant that only two ships could begin immediately, plans went ahead.〔Whitley, ''Battleships'', 24.〕 ''Minas Geraes'', the lead ship, was laid down by Armstrong on 17 April 1907, while ''São Paulo'' followed thirteen days later at Vickers.〔Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Scheina, ''Naval History'', 321; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 249.〕 The news shocked Brazil's neighbors, especially Argentina, whose Minister of Foreign Affairs remarked that either ''Minas Geraes'' or ''São Paulo'' could destroy the entire Argentine and Chilean fleets.〔Martins, "Colossos do mares," 76.〕 In addition, Brazil's order meant that they had laid down a dreadnought before many of the other major maritime powers, such as Germany, France or Russia, and the two ships made Brazil just the third country to have dreadnoughts under construction, behind the United Kingdom and the United States.〔Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Whitley, ''Battleships'', 13.〕 In particular, the United States now actively attempted to court Brazil as an ally; caught up in the spirit, U.S. naval journals began using terms like "Pan Americanism" and "Hemispheric Cooperation". Newspapers and journals around the world, particularly in Britain and Germany, speculated that Brazil was acting as a proxy for a naval power which would take possession of the two dreadnoughts soon after completion, as they did not believe that a previously insignificant geopolitical power would contract for such powerful armament.〔Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 77.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「'''''Minas Geraes''''', spelled '''''Minas Gerais''''' in some sources, was a dreadnought battleship of the Brazilian Navy. Named in honor of the state of Minas Gerais, the ship was laid down in April 1907 as the lead ship of its class, making the country the third to have a dreadnought under construction and igniting a naval arms race between Brazil, Argentina, and Chile.Two months after its completion in January 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was featured in ''Scientific American'', which described it as "the last word in heavy battleship design and the ... most powerfully armed warship afloat". In November 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was the focal point of the Revolt of the Lash. The mutiny spread from ''Minas Geraes'' to other ships in the Navy, including its sister , the elderly coastal defense ship ''Deodoro'', and the recently commissioned cruiser . Led by the "Black Admiral" João Cândido Felisberto, the mutineers threatened to bombard the Brazilian capital of Rio de Janeiro if their demands were not met. As it was not possible to end the situation militarily—the only loyal troops nearby being small torpedo boats and army troops confined to land—the National Congress of Brazil gave in and the rebels disbanded.When Brazil entered the First World War in 1917, Britain's Royal Navy declined Brazil's offer of ''Minas Geraes'' for duty with the Grand Fleet because the ship was outdated; it had not been refitted since entering service, so range-finders and a fire-control system had not been added. ''São Paulo'' underwent modernization in the United States in 1920; in 1921, ''Minas Geraes'' received the same treatment. A year later, ''Minas Geraes'' sailed to counter the first of the Tenente revolts. ''São Paulo'' shelled the rebels' fort, and they surrendered shortly thereafter; ''Minas Geraes'' did not fire its guns. In 1924, mutineers seized ''São Paulo'' and attempted to persuade the crews of ''Minas Geraes'' and several other ships to join them, but were unsuccessful.''Minas Geraes'' was modernized at the Rio de Janeiro Naval Yard in the 1930s, and underwent further refitting from 1939 to 1943. During the Second World War, the ship was anchored in Salvador as the main defense of the port, as it was too old to play an active part in the war. For the last nine years of its service life, ''Minas Geraes'' remained largely inactive, and was towed to Italy for scrapping in March 1954.== Background ==Beginning in the late 1880s, Brazil's navy fell into obsolescence, helped along by an 1889 revolution, which deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II, and naval revolts in 1891 and 1893–94.Barman, ''Citizen Emperor'', 403; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. By the turn of the 20th century it was lagging behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage,Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. despite Brazil having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile.Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.At the turn of the twentieth century, soaring demand for coffee and rubber brought prosperity to the Brazilian economy.Scheina, "Brazil," 403. The government of Brazil used some of the extra money from this economic growth to finance a large naval building program in 1904,Scheina, "Brazil," 404. which authorized the construction of a large number of warships, including three battleships.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 80; English, ''Armed Forces'', 108. The Minister of the Navy, Admiral Júlio César de Noronha, signed a contract with Armstrong Whitworth for three battleships on 23 July 1906.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240–245. While the first designs for these ships were derived from the Norwegian coastal defense ship ''Norge'' and the British (originally Chilean) , the contracted ships were to follow Armstrong Whitworth's Design 439 (Design 188 in Vickers' files). They would displace 11,800 long tons (12,000 tonnes), have a speed of 19 knots (22 mph; 35 km/h), and be protected by belt armor of 9 inches (23 cm) and deck armor of 1.5 in (3.8 cm). Each ship would be armed with twelve 10-inch (25 cm) guns mounted in six twin turrets. These turrets would be mounted in a hexagonal configuration, similar to the later German s.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 244–246.Two of these ships were laid down by Armstrong in Elswick (''Minas Geraes'' and ''Rio de Janeiro''), while the other was subcontracted out to Vickers in Barrow (''São Paulo''). The new dreadnought concept, which premiered in December 1906 upon the completion of the namesake ship in December 1906, rendered the Brazilian ships obsolete.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 246. The money authorized for naval expansion was redirected by new Minister of the Navy, Rear Admiral Alexandrino Fario de Alencar, to building two dreadnoughts, with plans for a third dreadnought after the first was completed, two scout cruisers (which became the ), ten destroyers (the ), and three submarines.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 81; ''Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers'', "Brazil," 883. The three battleships on which construction had just begun were demolished beginning on 7 January 1907, and the design of the new dreadnoughts was approved by the Brazilians on 20 February 1907.Even though the greater cost of these ships meant that only two ships could begin immediately, plans went ahead.Whitley, ''Battleships'', 24. ''Minas Geraes'', the lead ship, was laid down by Armstrong on 17 April 1907, while ''São Paulo'' followed thirteen days later at Vickers.Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Scheina, ''Naval History'', 321; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 249. The news shocked Brazil's neighbors, especially Argentina, whose Minister of Foreign Affairs remarked that either ''Minas Geraes'' or ''São Paulo'' could destroy the entire Argentine and Chilean fleets.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 76. In addition, Brazil's order meant that they had laid down a dreadnought before many of the other major maritime powers, such as Germany, France or Russia, and the two ships made Brazil just the third country to have dreadnoughts under construction, behind the United Kingdom and the United States.Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Whitley, ''Battleships'', 13. In particular, the United States now actively attempted to court Brazil as an ally; caught up in the spirit, U.S. naval journals began using terms like "Pan Americanism" and "Hemispheric Cooperation". Newspapers and journals around the world, particularly in Britain and Germany, speculated that Brazil was acting as a proxy for a naval power which would take possession of the two dreadnoughts soon after completion, as they did not believe that a previously insignificant geopolitical power would contract for such powerful armament.Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 77.」の詳細全文を読む
' in some sources, was a dreadnought battleship of the Brazilian Navy. Named in honor of the state of Minas Gerais, the ship was laid down in April 1907 as the lead ship of its class, making the country the third to have a dreadnought under construction and igniting a naval arms race between Brazil, Argentina, and Chile.Two months after its completion in January 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was featured in ''Scientific American'', which described it as "the last word in heavy battleship design and the ... most powerfully armed warship afloat". In November 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was the focal point of the Revolt of the Lash. The mutiny spread from ''Minas Geraes'' to other ships in the Navy, including its sister , the elderly coastal defense ship ''Deodoro'', and the recently commissioned cruiser . Led by the "Black Admiral" João Cândido Felisberto, the mutineers threatened to bombard the Brazilian capital of Rio de Janeiro if their demands were not met. As it was not possible to end the situation militarily—the only loyal troops nearby being small torpedo boats and army troops confined to land—the National Congress of Brazil gave in and the rebels disbanded.When Brazil entered the First World War in 1917, Britain's Royal Navy declined Brazil's offer of ''Minas Geraes'' for duty with the Grand Fleet because the ship was outdated; it had not been refitted since entering service, so range-finders and a fire-control system had not been added. ''São Paulo'' underwent modernization in the United States in 1920; in 1921, ''Minas Geraes'' received the same treatment. A year later, ''Minas Geraes'' sailed to counter the first of the Tenente revolts. ''São Paulo'' shelled the rebels' fort, and they surrendered shortly thereafter; ''Minas Geraes'' did not fire its guns. In 1924, mutineers seized ''São Paulo'' and attempted to persuade the crews of ''Minas Geraes'' and several other ships to join them, but were unsuccessful.''Minas Geraes'' was modernized at the Rio de Janeiro Naval Yard in the 1930s, and underwent further refitting from 1939 to 1943. During the Second World War, the ship was anchored in Salvador as the main defense of the port, as it was too old to play an active part in the war. For the last nine years of its service life, ''Minas Geraes'' remained largely inactive, and was towed to Italy for scrapping in March 1954.== Background ==Beginning in the late 1880s, Brazil's navy fell into obsolescence, helped along by an 1889 revolution, which deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II, and naval revolts in 1891 and 1893–94.Barman, ''Citizen Emperor'', 403; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. By the turn of the 20th century it was lagging behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage,Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. despite Brazil having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile.Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.At the turn of the twentieth century, soaring demand for coffee and rubber brought prosperity to the Brazilian economy.Scheina, "Brazil," 403. The government of Brazil used some of the extra money from this economic growth to finance a large naval building program in 1904,Scheina, "Brazil," 404. which authorized the construction of a large number of warships, including three battleships.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 80; English, ''Armed Forces'', 108. The Minister of the Navy, Admiral Júlio César de Noronha, signed a contract with Armstrong Whitworth for three battleships on 23 July 1906.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240–245. While the first designs for these ships were derived from the Norwegian coastal defense ship ''Norge'' and the British (originally Chilean) , the contracted ships were to follow Armstrong Whitworth's Design 439 (Design 188 in Vickers' files). They would displace 11,800 long tons (12,000 tonnes), have a speed of 19 knots (22 mph; 35 km/h), and be protected by belt armor of 9 inches (23 cm) and deck armor of 1.5 in (3.8 cm). Each ship would be armed with twelve 10-inch (25 cm) guns mounted in six twin turrets. These turrets would be mounted in a hexagonal configuration, similar to the later German s.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 244–246.Two of these ships were laid down by Armstrong in Elswick (''Minas Geraes'' and ''Rio de Janeiro''), while the other was subcontracted out to Vickers in Barrow (''São Paulo''). The new dreadnought concept, which premiered in December 1906 upon the completion of the namesake ship in December 1906, rendered the Brazilian ships obsolete.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 246. The money authorized for naval expansion was redirected by new Minister of the Navy, Rear Admiral Alexandrino Fario de Alencar, to building two dreadnoughts, with plans for a third dreadnought after the first was completed, two scout cruisers (which became the ), ten destroyers (the ), and three submarines.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 81; ''Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers'', "Brazil," 883. The three battleships on which construction had just begun were demolished beginning on 7 January 1907, and the design of the new dreadnoughts was approved by the Brazilians on 20 February 1907.Even though the greater cost of these ships meant that only two ships could begin immediately, plans went ahead.Whitley, ''Battleships'', 24. ''Minas Geraes'', the lead ship, was laid down by Armstrong on 17 April 1907, while ''São Paulo'' followed thirteen days later at Vickers.Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Scheina, ''Naval History'', 321; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 249. The news shocked Brazil's neighbors, especially Argentina, whose Minister of Foreign Affairs remarked that either ''Minas Geraes'' or ''São Paulo'' could destroy the entire Argentine and Chilean fleets.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 76. In addition, Brazil's order meant that they had laid down a dreadnought before many of the other major maritime powers, such as Germany, France or Russia, and the two ships made Brazil just the third country to have dreadnoughts under construction, behind the United Kingdom and the United States.Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Whitley, ''Battleships'', 13. In particular, the United States now actively attempted to court Brazil as an ally; caught up in the spirit, U.S. naval journals began using terms like "Pan Americanism" and "Hemispheric Cooperation". Newspapers and journals around the world, particularly in Britain and Germany, speculated that Brazil was acting as a proxy for a naval power which would take possession of the two dreadnoughts soon after completion, as they did not believe that a previously insignificant geopolitical power would contract for such powerful armament.Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 77.
''Minas Geraes'', spelled ''Minas Gerais'' in some sources, was a dreadnought battleship of the Brazilian Navy. Named in honor of the state of Minas Gerais, the ship was laid down in April 1907 as the lead ship of its class, making the country the third to have a dreadnought under construction and igniting a naval arms race between Brazil, Argentina, and Chile.
Two months after its completion in January 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was featured in ''Scientific American'', which described it as "the last word in heavy battleship design and the ... most powerfully armed warship afloat". In November 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was the focal point of the Revolt of the Lash. The mutiny spread from ''Minas Geraes'' to other ships in the Navy, including its sister , the elderly coastal defense ship ''Deodoro'', and the recently commissioned cruiser . Led by the "Black Admiral" João Cândido Felisberto, the mutineers threatened to bombard the Brazilian capital of Rio de Janeiro if their demands were not met. As it was not possible to end the situation militarily—the only loyal troops nearby being small torpedo boats and army troops confined to land—the National Congress of Brazil gave in and the rebels disbanded.
When Brazil entered the First World War in 1917, Britain's Royal Navy declined Brazil's offer of ''Minas Geraes'' for duty with the Grand Fleet because the ship was outdated; it had not been refitted since entering service, so range-finders and a fire-control system had not been added. ''São Paulo'' underwent modernization in the United States in 1920; in 1921, ''Minas Geraes'' received the same treatment. A year later, ''Minas Geraes'' sailed to counter the first of the Tenente revolts. ''São Paulo'' shelled the rebels' fort, and they surrendered shortly thereafter; ''Minas Geraes'' did not fire its guns. In 1924, mutineers seized ''São Paulo'' and attempted to persuade the crews of ''Minas Geraes'' and several other ships to join them, but were unsuccessful.
''Minas Geraes'' was modernized at the Rio de Janeiro Naval Yard in the 1930s, and underwent further refitting from 1939 to 1943. During the Second World War, the ship was anchored in Salvador as the main defense of the port, as it was too old to play an active part in the war. For the last nine years of its service life, ''Minas Geraes'' remained largely inactive, and was towed to Italy for scrapping in March 1954.
== Background ==
Beginning in the late 1880s, Brazil's navy fell into obsolescence, helped along by an 1889 revolution, which deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II, and naval revolts in 1891 and 1893–94.〔Barman, ''Citizen Emperor'', 403; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75.〕 By the turn of the 20th century it was lagging behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage,〔Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75.〕 despite Brazil having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile.〔Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.〕
At the turn of the twentieth century, soaring demand for coffee and rubber brought prosperity to the Brazilian economy.〔Scheina, "Brazil," 403.〕 The government of Brazil used some of the extra money from this economic growth to finance a large naval building program in 1904,〔Scheina, "Brazil," 404.〕 which authorized the construction of a large number of warships, including three battleships.〔Scheina, ''Naval History'', 80; English, ''Armed Forces'', 108.〕 The Minister of the Navy, Admiral Júlio César de Noronha, signed a contract with Armstrong Whitworth for three battleships on 23 July 1906.〔Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240–245.〕 While the first designs for these ships were derived from the Norwegian coastal defense ship ''Norge'' and the British (originally Chilean) , the contracted ships were to follow Armstrong Whitworth's Design 439 (Design 188 in Vickers' files). They would displace 11,800 long tons (12,000 tonnes), have a speed of 19 knots (22 mph; 35 km/h), and be protected by belt armor of 9 inches (23 cm) and deck armor of 1.5 in (3.8 cm). Each ship would be armed with twelve 10-inch (25 cm) guns mounted in six twin turrets. These turrets would be mounted in a hexagonal configuration, similar to the later German s.〔Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 244–246.〕
Two of these ships were laid down by Armstrong in Elswick (''Minas Geraes'' and ''Rio de Janeiro''), while the other was subcontracted out to Vickers in Barrow (''São Paulo''). The new dreadnought concept, which premiered in December 1906 upon the completion of the namesake ship in December 1906, rendered the Brazilian ships obsolete.〔Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 246.〕 The money authorized for naval expansion was redirected by new Minister of the Navy, Rear Admiral Alexandrino Fario de Alencar, to building two dreadnoughts, with plans for a third dreadnought after the first was completed, two scout cruisers (which became the ), ten destroyers (the ), and three submarines.〔Scheina, ''Naval History'', 81; ''Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers'', "Brazil," 883.〕 The three battleships on which construction had just begun were demolished beginning on 7 January 1907, and the design of the new dreadnoughts was approved by the Brazilians on 20 February 1907.〔
Even though the greater cost of these ships meant that only two ships could begin immediately, plans went ahead.〔Whitley, ''Battleships'', 24.〕 ''Minas Geraes'', the lead ship, was laid down by Armstrong on 17 April 1907, while ''São Paulo'' followed thirteen days later at Vickers.〔Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Scheina, ''Naval History'', 321; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 249.〕 The news shocked Brazil's neighbors, especially Argentina, whose Minister of Foreign Affairs remarked that either ''Minas Geraes'' or ''São Paulo'' could destroy the entire Argentine and Chilean fleets.〔Martins, "Colossos do mares," 76.〕 In addition, Brazil's order meant that they had laid down a dreadnought before many of the other major maritime powers, such as Germany, France or Russia, and the two ships made Brazil just the third country to have dreadnoughts under construction, behind the United Kingdom and the United States.〔Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Whitley, ''Battleships'', 13.〕 In particular, the United States now actively attempted to court Brazil as an ally; caught up in the spirit, U.S. naval journals began using terms like "Pan Americanism" and "Hemispheric Cooperation". Newspapers and journals around the world, particularly in Britain and Germany, speculated that Brazil was acting as a proxy for a naval power which would take possession of the two dreadnoughts soon after completion, as they did not believe that a previously insignificant geopolitical power would contract for such powerful armament.〔Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 77.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「'''''Minas Geraes''''', spelled '''''Minas Gerais''''' in some sources, was a dreadnought battleship of the Brazilian Navy. Named in honor of the state of Minas Gerais, the ship was laid down in April 1907 as the lead ship of its class, making the country the third to have a dreadnought under construction and igniting a naval arms race between Brazil, Argentina, and Chile.Two months after its completion in January 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was featured in ''Scientific American'', which described it as "the last word in heavy battleship design and the ... most powerfully armed warship afloat". In November 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was the focal point of the Revolt of the Lash. The mutiny spread from ''Minas Geraes'' to other ships in the Navy, including its sister , the elderly coastal defense ship ''Deodoro'', and the recently commissioned cruiser . Led by the "Black Admiral" João Cândido Felisberto, the mutineers threatened to bombard the Brazilian capital of Rio de Janeiro if their demands were not met. As it was not possible to end the situation militarily—the only loyal troops nearby being small torpedo boats and army troops confined to land—the National Congress of Brazil gave in and the rebels disbanded.When Brazil entered the First World War in 1917, Britain's Royal Navy declined Brazil's offer of ''Minas Geraes'' for duty with the Grand Fleet because the ship was outdated; it had not been refitted since entering service, so range-finders and a fire-control system had not been added. ''São Paulo'' underwent modernization in the United States in 1920; in 1921, ''Minas Geraes'' received the same treatment. A year later, ''Minas Geraes'' sailed to counter the first of the Tenente revolts. ''São Paulo'' shelled the rebels' fort, and they surrendered shortly thereafter; ''Minas Geraes'' did not fire its guns. In 1924, mutineers seized ''São Paulo'' and attempted to persuade the crews of ''Minas Geraes'' and several other ships to join them, but were unsuccessful.''Minas Geraes'' was modernized at the Rio de Janeiro Naval Yard in the 1930s, and underwent further refitting from 1939 to 1943. During the Second World War, the ship was anchored in Salvador as the main defense of the port, as it was too old to play an active part in the war. For the last nine years of its service life, ''Minas Geraes'' remained largely inactive, and was towed to Italy for scrapping in March 1954.== Background ==Beginning in the late 1880s, Brazil's navy fell into obsolescence, helped along by an 1889 revolution, which deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II, and naval revolts in 1891 and 1893–94.Barman, ''Citizen Emperor'', 403; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. By the turn of the 20th century it was lagging behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage,Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. despite Brazil having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile.Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.At the turn of the twentieth century, soaring demand for coffee and rubber brought prosperity to the Brazilian economy.Scheina, "Brazil," 403. The government of Brazil used some of the extra money from this economic growth to finance a large naval building program in 1904,Scheina, "Brazil," 404. which authorized the construction of a large number of warships, including three battleships.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 80; English, ''Armed Forces'', 108. The Minister of the Navy, Admiral Júlio César de Noronha, signed a contract with Armstrong Whitworth for three battleships on 23 July 1906.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240–245. While the first designs for these ships were derived from the Norwegian coastal defense ship ''Norge'' and the British (originally Chilean) , the contracted ships were to follow Armstrong Whitworth's Design 439 (Design 188 in Vickers' files). They would displace 11,800 long tons (12,000 tonnes), have a speed of 19 knots (22 mph; 35 km/h), and be protected by belt armor of 9 inches (23 cm) and deck armor of 1.5 in (3.8 cm). Each ship would be armed with twelve 10-inch (25 cm) guns mounted in six twin turrets. These turrets would be mounted in a hexagonal configuration, similar to the later German s.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 244–246.Two of these ships were laid down by Armstrong in Elswick (''Minas Geraes'' and ''Rio de Janeiro''), while the other was subcontracted out to Vickers in Barrow (''São Paulo''). The new dreadnought concept, which premiered in December 1906 upon the completion of the namesake ship in December 1906, rendered the Brazilian ships obsolete.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 246. The money authorized for naval expansion was redirected by new Minister of the Navy, Rear Admiral Alexandrino Fario de Alencar, to building two dreadnoughts, with plans for a third dreadnought after the first was completed, two scout cruisers (which became the ), ten destroyers (the ), and three submarines.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 81; ''Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers'', "Brazil," 883. The three battleships on which construction had just begun were demolished beginning on 7 January 1907, and the design of the new dreadnoughts was approved by the Brazilians on 20 February 1907.Even though the greater cost of these ships meant that only two ships could begin immediately, plans went ahead.Whitley, ''Battleships'', 24. ''Minas Geraes'', the lead ship, was laid down by Armstrong on 17 April 1907, while ''São Paulo'' followed thirteen days later at Vickers.Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Scheina, ''Naval History'', 321; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 249. The news shocked Brazil's neighbors, especially Argentina, whose Minister of Foreign Affairs remarked that either ''Minas Geraes'' or ''São Paulo'' could destroy the entire Argentine and Chilean fleets.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 76. In addition, Brazil's order meant that they had laid down a dreadnought before many of the other major maritime powers, such as Germany, France or Russia, and the two ships made Brazil just the third country to have dreadnoughts under construction, behind the United Kingdom and the United States.Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Whitley, ''Battleships'', 13. In particular, the United States now actively attempted to court Brazil as an ally; caught up in the spirit, U.S. naval journals began using terms like "Pan Americanism" and "Hemispheric Cooperation". Newspapers and journals around the world, particularly in Britain and Germany, speculated that Brazil was acting as a proxy for a naval power which would take possession of the two dreadnoughts soon after completion, as they did not believe that a previously insignificant geopolitical power would contract for such powerful armament.Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 77.」の詳細全文を読む
'Minas Geraes'', spelled '''''Minas Gerais''''' in some sources, was a dreadnought battleship of the Brazilian Navy. Named in honor of the state of Minas Gerais, the ship was laid down in April 1907 as the lead ship of its class, making the country the third to have a dreadnought under construction and igniting a naval arms race between Brazil, Argentina, and Chile.Two months after its completion in January 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was featured in ''Scientific American'', which described it as "the last word in heavy battleship design and the ... most powerfully armed warship afloat". In November 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was the focal point of the Revolt of the Lash. The mutiny spread from ''Minas Geraes'' to other ships in the Navy, including its sister , the elderly coastal defense ship ''Deodoro'', and the recently commissioned cruiser . Led by the "Black Admiral" João Cândido Felisberto, the mutineers threatened to bombard the Brazilian capital of Rio de Janeiro if their demands were not met. As it was not possible to end the situation militarily—the only loyal troops nearby being small torpedo boats and army troops confined to land—the National Congress of Brazil gave in and the rebels disbanded.When Brazil entered the First World War in 1917, Britain's Royal Navy declined Brazil's offer of ''Minas Geraes'' for duty with the Grand Fleet because the ship was outdated; it had not been refitted since entering service, so range-finders and a fire-control system had not been added. ''São Paulo'' underwent modernization in the United States in 1920; in 1921, ''Minas Geraes'' received the same treatment. A year later, ''Minas Geraes'' sailed to counter the first of the Tenente revolts. ''São Paulo'' shelled the rebels' fort, and they surrendered shortly thereafter; ''Minas Geraes'' did not fire its guns. In 1924, mutineers seized ''São Paulo'' and attempted to persuade the crews of ''Minas Geraes'' and several other ships to join them, but were unsuccessful.''Minas Geraes'' was modernized at the Rio de Janeiro Naval Yard in the 1930s, and underwent further refitting from 1939 to 1943. During the Second World War, the ship was anchored in Salvador as the main defense of the port, as it was too old to play an active part in the war. For the last nine years of its service life, ''Minas Geraes'' remained largely inactive, and was towed to Italy for scrapping in March 1954.== Background ==Beginning in the late 1880s, Brazil's navy fell into obsolescence, helped along by an 1889 revolution, which deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II, and naval revolts in 1891 and 1893–94.Barman, ''Citizen Emperor'', 403; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. By the turn of the 20th century it was lagging behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage,Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. despite Brazil having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile.Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.At the turn of the twentieth century, soaring demand for coffee and rubber brought prosperity to the Brazilian economy.Scheina, "Brazil," 403. The government of Brazil used some of the extra money from this economic growth to finance a large naval building program in 1904,Scheina, "Brazil," 404. which authorized the construction of a large number of warships, including three battleships.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 80; English, ''Armed Forces'', 108. The Minister of the Navy, Admiral Júlio César de Noronha, signed a contract with Armstrong Whitworth for three battleships on 23 July 1906.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240–245. While the first designs for these ships were derived from the Norwegian coastal defense ship ''Norge'' and the British (originally Chilean) , the contracted ships were to follow Armstrong Whitworth's Design 439 (Design 188 in Vickers' files). They would displace 11,800 long tons (12,000 tonnes), have a speed of 19 knots (22 mph; 35 km/h), and be protected by belt armor of 9 inches (23 cm) and deck armor of 1.5 in (3.8 cm). Each ship would be armed with twelve 10-inch (25 cm) guns mounted in six twin turrets. These turrets would be mounted in a hexagonal configuration, similar to the later German s.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 244–246.Two of these ships were laid down by Armstrong in Elswick (''Minas Geraes'' and ''Rio de Janeiro''), while the other was subcontracted out to Vickers in Barrow (''São Paulo''). The new dreadnought concept, which premiered in December 1906 upon the completion of the namesake ship in December 1906, rendered the Brazilian ships obsolete.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 246. The money authorized for naval expansion was redirected by new Minister of the Navy, Rear Admiral Alexandrino Fario de Alencar, to building two dreadnoughts, with plans for a third dreadnought after the first was completed, two scout cruisers (which became the ), ten destroyers (the ), and three submarines.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 81; ''Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers'', "Brazil," 883. The three battleships on which construction had just begun were demolished beginning on 7 January 1907, and the design of the new dreadnoughts was approved by the Brazilians on 20 February 1907.Even though the greater cost of these ships meant that only two ships could begin immediately, plans went ahead.Whitley, ''Battleships'', 24. ''Minas Geraes'', the lead ship, was laid down by Armstrong on 17 April 1907, while ''São Paulo'' followed thirteen days later at Vickers.Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Scheina, ''Naval History'', 321; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 249. The news shocked Brazil's neighbors, especially Argentina, whose Minister of Foreign Affairs remarked that either ''Minas Geraes'' or ''São Paulo'' could destroy the entire Argentine and Chilean fleets.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 76. In addition, Brazil's order meant that they had laid down a dreadnought before many of the other major maritime powers, such as Germany, France or Russia, and the two ships made Brazil just the third country to have dreadnoughts under construction, behind the United Kingdom and the United States.Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Whitley, ''Battleships'', 13. In particular, the United States now actively attempted to court Brazil as an ally; caught up in the spirit, U.S. naval journals began using terms like "Pan Americanism" and "Hemispheric Cooperation". Newspapers and journals around the world, particularly in Britain and Germany, speculated that Brazil was acting as a proxy for a naval power which would take possession of the two dreadnoughts soon after completion, as they did not believe that a previously insignificant geopolitical power would contract for such powerful armament.Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 77.">ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「'''''Minas Geraes''''', spelled '''''Minas Gerais''''' in some sources, was a dreadnought battleship of the Brazilian Navy. Named in honor of the state of Minas Gerais, the ship was laid down in April 1907 as the lead ship of its class, making the country the third to have a dreadnought under construction and igniting a naval arms race between Brazil, Argentina, and Chile.Two months after its completion in January 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was featured in ''Scientific American'', which described it as "the last word in heavy battleship design and the ... most powerfully armed warship afloat". In November 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was the focal point of the Revolt of the Lash. The mutiny spread from ''Minas Geraes'' to other ships in the Navy, including its sister , the elderly coastal defense ship ''Deodoro'', and the recently commissioned cruiser . Led by the "Black Admiral" João Cândido Felisberto, the mutineers threatened to bombard the Brazilian capital of Rio de Janeiro if their demands were not met. As it was not possible to end the situation militarily—the only loyal troops nearby being small torpedo boats and army troops confined to land—the National Congress of Brazil gave in and the rebels disbanded.When Brazil entered the First World War in 1917, Britain's Royal Navy declined Brazil's offer of ''Minas Geraes'' for duty with the Grand Fleet because the ship was outdated; it had not been refitted since entering service, so range-finders and a fire-control system had not been added. ''São Paulo'' underwent modernization in the United States in 1920; in 1921, ''Minas Geraes'' received the same treatment. A year later, ''Minas Geraes'' sailed to counter the first of the Tenente revolts. ''São Paulo'' shelled the rebels' fort, and they surrendered shortly thereafter; ''Minas Geraes'' did not fire its guns. In 1924, mutineers seized ''São Paulo'' and attempted to persuade the crews of ''Minas Geraes'' and several other ships to join them, but were unsuccessful.''Minas Geraes'' was modernized at the Rio de Janeiro Naval Yard in the 1930s, and underwent further refitting from 1939 to 1943. During the Second World War, the ship was anchored in Salvador as the main defense of the port, as it was too old to play an active part in the war. For the last nine years of its service life, ''Minas Geraes'' remained largely inactive, and was towed to Italy for scrapping in March 1954.== Background ==Beginning in the late 1880s, Brazil's navy fell into obsolescence, helped along by an 1889 revolution, which deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II, and naval revolts in 1891 and 1893–94.Barman, ''Citizen Emperor'', 403; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. By the turn of the 20th century it was lagging behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage,Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. despite Brazil having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile.Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.At the turn of the twentieth century, soaring demand for coffee and rubber brought prosperity to the Brazilian economy.Scheina, "Brazil," 403. The government of Brazil used some of the extra money from this economic growth to finance a large naval building program in 1904,Scheina, "Brazil," 404. which authorized the construction of a large number of warships, including three battleships.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 80; English, ''Armed Forces'', 108. The Minister of the Navy, Admiral Júlio César de Noronha, signed a contract with Armstrong Whitworth for three battleships on 23 July 1906.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240–245. While the first designs for these ships were derived from the Norwegian coastal defense ship ''Norge'' and the British (originally Chilean) , the contracted ships were to follow Armstrong Whitworth's Design 439 (Design 188 in Vickers' files). They would displace 11,800 long tons (12,000 tonnes), have a speed of 19 knots (22 mph; 35 km/h), and be protected by belt armor of 9 inches (23 cm) and deck armor of 1.5 in (3.8 cm). Each ship would be armed with twelve 10-inch (25 cm) guns mounted in six twin turrets. These turrets would be mounted in a hexagonal configuration, similar to the later German s.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 244–246.Two of these ships were laid down by Armstrong in Elswick (''Minas Geraes'' and ''Rio de Janeiro''), while the other was subcontracted out to Vickers in Barrow (''São Paulo''). The new dreadnought concept, which premiered in December 1906 upon the completion of the namesake ship in December 1906, rendered the Brazilian ships obsolete.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 246. The money authorized for naval expansion was redirected by new Minister of the Navy, Rear Admiral Alexandrino Fario de Alencar, to building two dreadnoughts, with plans for a third dreadnought after the first was completed, two scout cruisers (which became the ), ten destroyers (the ), and three submarines.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 81; ''Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers'', "Brazil," 883. The three battleships on which construction had just begun were demolished beginning on 7 January 1907, and the design of the new dreadnoughts was approved by the Brazilians on 20 February 1907.Even though the greater cost of these ships meant that only two ships could begin immediately, plans went ahead.Whitley, ''Battleships'', 24. ''Minas Geraes'', the lead ship, was laid down by Armstrong on 17 April 1907, while ''São Paulo'' followed thirteen days later at Vickers.Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Scheina, ''Naval History'', 321; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 249. The news shocked Brazil's neighbors, especially Argentina, whose Minister of Foreign Affairs remarked that either ''Minas Geraes'' or ''São Paulo'' could destroy the entire Argentine and Chilean fleets.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 76. In addition, Brazil's order meant that they had laid down a dreadnought before many of the other major maritime powers, such as Germany, France or Russia, and the two ships made Brazil just the third country to have dreadnoughts under construction, behind the United Kingdom and the United States.Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Whitley, ''Battleships'', 13. In particular, the United States now actively attempted to court Brazil as an ally; caught up in the spirit, U.S. naval journals began using terms like "Pan Americanism" and "Hemispheric Cooperation". Newspapers and journals around the world, particularly in Britain and Germany, speculated that Brazil was acting as a proxy for a naval power which would take possession of the two dreadnoughts soon after completion, as they did not believe that a previously insignificant geopolitical power would contract for such powerful armament.Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 77.」の詳細全文を読む
', spelled ''Minas Gerais''''' in some sources, was a dreadnought battleship of the Brazilian Navy. Named in honor of the state of Minas Gerais, the ship was laid down in April 1907 as the lead ship of its class, making the country the third to have a dreadnought under construction and igniting a naval arms race between Brazil, Argentina, and Chile.Two months after its completion in January 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was featured in ''Scientific American'', which described it as "the last word in heavy battleship design and the ... most powerfully armed warship afloat". In November 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was the focal point of the Revolt of the Lash. The mutiny spread from ''Minas Geraes'' to other ships in the Navy, including its sister , the elderly coastal defense ship ''Deodoro'', and the recently commissioned cruiser . Led by the "Black Admiral" João Cândido Felisberto, the mutineers threatened to bombard the Brazilian capital of Rio de Janeiro if their demands were not met. As it was not possible to end the situation militarily—the only loyal troops nearby being small torpedo boats and army troops confined to land—the National Congress of Brazil gave in and the rebels disbanded.When Brazil entered the First World War in 1917, Britain's Royal Navy declined Brazil's offer of ''Minas Geraes'' for duty with the Grand Fleet because the ship was outdated; it had not been refitted since entering service, so range-finders and a fire-control system had not been added. ''São Paulo'' underwent modernization in the United States in 1920; in 1921, ''Minas Geraes'' received the same treatment. A year later, ''Minas Geraes'' sailed to counter the first of the Tenente revolts. ''São Paulo'' shelled the rebels' fort, and they surrendered shortly thereafter; ''Minas Geraes'' did not fire its guns. In 1924, mutineers seized ''São Paulo'' and attempted to persuade the crews of ''Minas Geraes'' and several other ships to join them, but were unsuccessful.''Minas Geraes'' was modernized at the Rio de Janeiro Naval Yard in the 1930s, and underwent further refitting from 1939 to 1943. During the Second World War, the ship was anchored in Salvador as the main defense of the port, as it was too old to play an active part in the war. For the last nine years of its service life, ''Minas Geraes'' remained largely inactive, and was towed to Italy for scrapping in March 1954.== Background ==Beginning in the late 1880s, Brazil's navy fell into obsolescence, helped along by an 1889 revolution, which deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II, and naval revolts in 1891 and 1893–94.Barman, ''Citizen Emperor'', 403; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. By the turn of the 20th century it was lagging behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage,Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. despite Brazil having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile.Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.At the turn of the twentieth century, soaring demand for coffee and rubber brought prosperity to the Brazilian economy.Scheina, "Brazil," 403. The government of Brazil used some of the extra money from this economic growth to finance a large naval building program in 1904,Scheina, "Brazil," 404. which authorized the construction of a large number of warships, including three battleships.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 80; English, ''Armed Forces'', 108. The Minister of the Navy, Admiral Júlio César de Noronha, signed a contract with Armstrong Whitworth for three battleships on 23 July 1906.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240–245. While the first designs for these ships were derived from the Norwegian coastal defense ship ''Norge'' and the British (originally Chilean) , the contracted ships were to follow Armstrong Whitworth's Design 439 (Design 188 in Vickers' files). They would displace 11,800 long tons (12,000 tonnes), have a speed of 19 knots (22 mph; 35 km/h), and be protected by belt armor of 9 inches (23 cm) and deck armor of 1.5 in (3.8 cm). Each ship would be armed with twelve 10-inch (25 cm) guns mounted in six twin turrets. These turrets would be mounted in a hexagonal configuration, similar to the later German s.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 244–246.Two of these ships were laid down by Armstrong in Elswick (''Minas Geraes'' and ''Rio de Janeiro''), while the other was subcontracted out to Vickers in Barrow (''São Paulo''). The new dreadnought concept, which premiered in December 1906 upon the completion of the namesake ship in December 1906, rendered the Brazilian ships obsolete.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 246. The money authorized for naval expansion was redirected by new Minister of the Navy, Rear Admiral Alexandrino Fario de Alencar, to building two dreadnoughts, with plans for a third dreadnought after the first was completed, two scout cruisers (which became the ), ten destroyers (the ), and three submarines.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 81; ''Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers'', "Brazil," 883. The three battleships on which construction had just begun were demolished beginning on 7 January 1907, and the design of the new dreadnoughts was approved by the Brazilians on 20 February 1907.Even though the greater cost of these ships meant that only two ships could begin immediately, plans went ahead.Whitley, ''Battleships'', 24. ''Minas Geraes'', the lead ship, was laid down by Armstrong on 17 April 1907, while ''São Paulo'' followed thirteen days later at Vickers.Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Scheina, ''Naval History'', 321; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 249. The news shocked Brazil's neighbors, especially Argentina, whose Minister of Foreign Affairs remarked that either ''Minas Geraes'' or ''São Paulo'' could destroy the entire Argentine and Chilean fleets.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 76. In addition, Brazil's order meant that they had laid down a dreadnought before many of the other major maritime powers, such as Germany, France or Russia, and the two ships made Brazil just the third country to have dreadnoughts under construction, behind the United Kingdom and the United States.Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Whitley, ''Battleships'', 13. In particular, the United States now actively attempted to court Brazil as an ally; caught up in the spirit, U.S. naval journals began using terms like "Pan Americanism" and "Hemispheric Cooperation". Newspapers and journals around the world, particularly in Britain and Germany, speculated that Brazil was acting as a proxy for a naval power which would take possession of the two dreadnoughts soon after completion, as they did not believe that a previously insignificant geopolitical power would contract for such powerful armament.Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 77.">ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「'''''Minas Geraes''''', spelled '''''Minas Gerais''''' in some sources, was a dreadnought battleship of the Brazilian Navy. Named in honor of the state of Minas Gerais, the ship was laid down in April 1907 as the lead ship of its class, making the country the third to have a dreadnought under construction and igniting a naval arms race between Brazil, Argentina, and Chile.Two months after its completion in January 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was featured in ''Scientific American'', which described it as "the last word in heavy battleship design and the ... most powerfully armed warship afloat". In November 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was the focal point of the Revolt of the Lash. The mutiny spread from ''Minas Geraes'' to other ships in the Navy, including its sister , the elderly coastal defense ship ''Deodoro'', and the recently commissioned cruiser . Led by the "Black Admiral" João Cândido Felisberto, the mutineers threatened to bombard the Brazilian capital of Rio de Janeiro if their demands were not met. As it was not possible to end the situation militarily—the only loyal troops nearby being small torpedo boats and army troops confined to land—the National Congress of Brazil gave in and the rebels disbanded.When Brazil entered the First World War in 1917, Britain's Royal Navy declined Brazil's offer of ''Minas Geraes'' for duty with the Grand Fleet because the ship was outdated; it had not been refitted since entering service, so range-finders and a fire-control system had not been added. ''São Paulo'' underwent modernization in the United States in 1920; in 1921, ''Minas Geraes'' received the same treatment. A year later, ''Minas Geraes'' sailed to counter the first of the Tenente revolts. ''São Paulo'' shelled the rebels' fort, and they surrendered shortly thereafter; ''Minas Geraes'' did not fire its guns. In 1924, mutineers seized ''São Paulo'' and attempted to persuade the crews of ''Minas Geraes'' and several other ships to join them, but were unsuccessful.''Minas Geraes'' was modernized at the Rio de Janeiro Naval Yard in the 1930s, and underwent further refitting from 1939 to 1943. During the Second World War, the ship was anchored in Salvador as the main defense of the port, as it was too old to play an active part in the war. For the last nine years of its service life, ''Minas Geraes'' remained largely inactive, and was towed to Italy for scrapping in March 1954.== Background ==Beginning in the late 1880s, Brazil's navy fell into obsolescence, helped along by an 1889 revolution, which deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II, and naval revolts in 1891 and 1893–94.Barman, ''Citizen Emperor'', 403; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. By the turn of the 20th century it was lagging behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage,Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. despite Brazil having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile.Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.At the turn of the twentieth century, soaring demand for coffee and rubber brought prosperity to the Brazilian economy.Scheina, "Brazil," 403. The government of Brazil used some of the extra money from this economic growth to finance a large naval building program in 1904,Scheina, "Brazil," 404. which authorized the construction of a large number of warships, including three battleships.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 80; English, ''Armed Forces'', 108. The Minister of the Navy, Admiral Júlio César de Noronha, signed a contract with Armstrong Whitworth for three battleships on 23 July 1906.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240–245. While the first designs for these ships were derived from the Norwegian coastal defense ship ''Norge'' and the British (originally Chilean) , the contracted ships were to follow Armstrong Whitworth's Design 439 (Design 188 in Vickers' files). They would displace 11,800 long tons (12,000 tonnes), have a speed of 19 knots (22 mph; 35 km/h), and be protected by belt armor of 9 inches (23 cm) and deck armor of 1.5 in (3.8 cm). Each ship would be armed with twelve 10-inch (25 cm) guns mounted in six twin turrets. These turrets would be mounted in a hexagonal configuration, similar to the later German s.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 244–246.Two of these ships were laid down by Armstrong in Elswick (''Minas Geraes'' and ''Rio de Janeiro''), while the other was subcontracted out to Vickers in Barrow (''São Paulo''). The new dreadnought concept, which premiered in December 1906 upon the completion of the namesake ship in December 1906, rendered the Brazilian ships obsolete.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 246. The money authorized for naval expansion was redirected by new Minister of the Navy, Rear Admiral Alexandrino Fario de Alencar, to building two dreadnoughts, with plans for a third dreadnought after the first was completed, two scout cruisers (which became the ), ten destroyers (the ), and three submarines.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 81; ''Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers'', "Brazil," 883. The three battleships on which construction had just begun were demolished beginning on 7 January 1907, and the design of the new dreadnoughts was approved by the Brazilians on 20 February 1907.Even though the greater cost of these ships meant that only two ships could begin immediately, plans went ahead.Whitley, ''Battleships'', 24. ''Minas Geraes'', the lead ship, was laid down by Armstrong on 17 April 1907, while ''São Paulo'' followed thirteen days later at Vickers.Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Scheina, ''Naval History'', 321; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 249. The news shocked Brazil's neighbors, especially Argentina, whose Minister of Foreign Affairs remarked that either ''Minas Geraes'' or ''São Paulo'' could destroy the entire Argentine and Chilean fleets.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 76. In addition, Brazil's order meant that they had laid down a dreadnought before many of the other major maritime powers, such as Germany, France or Russia, and the two ships made Brazil just the third country to have dreadnoughts under construction, behind the United Kingdom and the United States.Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Whitley, ''Battleships'', 13. In particular, the United States now actively attempted to court Brazil as an ally; caught up in the spirit, U.S. naval journals began using terms like "Pan Americanism" and "Hemispheric Cooperation". Newspapers and journals around the world, particularly in Britain and Germany, speculated that Brazil was acting as a proxy for a naval power which would take possession of the two dreadnoughts soon after completion, as they did not believe that a previously insignificant geopolitical power would contract for such powerful armament.Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 77.」の詳細全文を読む
'Minas Gerais'' in some sources, was a dreadnought battleship of the Brazilian Navy. Named in honor of the state of Minas Gerais, the ship was laid down in April 1907 as the lead ship of its class, making the country the third to have a dreadnought under construction and igniting a naval arms race between Brazil, Argentina, and Chile.Two months after its completion in January 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was featured in ''Scientific American'', which described it as "the last word in heavy battleship design and the ... most powerfully armed warship afloat". In November 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was the focal point of the Revolt of the Lash. The mutiny spread from ''Minas Geraes'' to other ships in the Navy, including its sister , the elderly coastal defense ship ''Deodoro'', and the recently commissioned cruiser . Led by the "Black Admiral" João Cândido Felisberto, the mutineers threatened to bombard the Brazilian capital of Rio de Janeiro if their demands were not met. As it was not possible to end the situation militarily—the only loyal troops nearby being small torpedo boats and army troops confined to land—the National Congress of Brazil gave in and the rebels disbanded.When Brazil entered the First World War in 1917, Britain's Royal Navy declined Brazil's offer of ''Minas Geraes'' for duty with the Grand Fleet because the ship was outdated; it had not been refitted since entering service, so range-finders and a fire-control system had not been added. ''São Paulo'' underwent modernization in the United States in 1920; in 1921, ''Minas Geraes'' received the same treatment. A year later, ''Minas Geraes'' sailed to counter the first of the Tenente revolts. ''São Paulo'' shelled the rebels' fort, and they surrendered shortly thereafter; ''Minas Geraes'' did not fire its guns. In 1924, mutineers seized ''São Paulo'' and attempted to persuade the crews of ''Minas Geraes'' and several other ships to join them, but were unsuccessful.''Minas Geraes'' was modernized at the Rio de Janeiro Naval Yard in the 1930s, and underwent further refitting from 1939 to 1943. During the Second World War, the ship was anchored in Salvador as the main defense of the port, as it was too old to play an active part in the war. For the last nine years of its service life, ''Minas Geraes'' remained largely inactive, and was towed to Italy for scrapping in March 1954.== Background ==Beginning in the late 1880s, Brazil's navy fell into obsolescence, helped along by an 1889 revolution, which deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II, and naval revolts in 1891 and 1893–94.Barman, ''Citizen Emperor'', 403; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. By the turn of the 20th century it was lagging behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage,Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. despite Brazil having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile.Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.At the turn of the twentieth century, soaring demand for coffee and rubber brought prosperity to the Brazilian economy.Scheina, "Brazil," 403. The government of Brazil used some of the extra money from this economic growth to finance a large naval building program in 1904,Scheina, "Brazil," 404. which authorized the construction of a large number of warships, including three battleships.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 80; English, ''Armed Forces'', 108. The Minister of the Navy, Admiral Júlio César de Noronha, signed a contract with Armstrong Whitworth for three battleships on 23 July 1906.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240–245. While the first designs for these ships were derived from the Norwegian coastal defense ship ''Norge'' and the British (originally Chilean) , the contracted ships were to follow Armstrong Whitworth's Design 439 (Design 188 in Vickers' files). They would displace 11,800 long tons (12,000 tonnes), have a speed of 19 knots (22 mph; 35 km/h), and be protected by belt armor of 9 inches (23 cm) and deck armor of 1.5 in (3.8 cm). Each ship would be armed with twelve 10-inch (25 cm) guns mounted in six twin turrets. These turrets would be mounted in a hexagonal configuration, similar to the later German s.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 244–246.Two of these ships were laid down by Armstrong in Elswick (''Minas Geraes'' and ''Rio de Janeiro''), while the other was subcontracted out to Vickers in Barrow (''São Paulo''). The new dreadnought concept, which premiered in December 1906 upon the completion of the namesake ship in December 1906, rendered the Brazilian ships obsolete.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 246. The money authorized for naval expansion was redirected by new Minister of the Navy, Rear Admiral Alexandrino Fario de Alencar, to building two dreadnoughts, with plans for a third dreadnought after the first was completed, two scout cruisers (which became the ), ten destroyers (the ), and three submarines.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 81; ''Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers'', "Brazil," 883. The three battleships on which construction had just begun were demolished beginning on 7 January 1907, and the design of the new dreadnoughts was approved by the Brazilians on 20 February 1907.Even though the greater cost of these ships meant that only two ships could begin immediately, plans went ahead.Whitley, ''Battleships'', 24. ''Minas Geraes'', the lead ship, was laid down by Armstrong on 17 April 1907, while ''São Paulo'' followed thirteen days later at Vickers.Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Scheina, ''Naval History'', 321; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 249. The news shocked Brazil's neighbors, especially Argentina, whose Minister of Foreign Affairs remarked that either ''Minas Geraes'' or ''São Paulo'' could destroy the entire Argentine and Chilean fleets.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 76. In addition, Brazil's order meant that they had laid down a dreadnought before many of the other major maritime powers, such as Germany, France or Russia, and the two ships made Brazil just the third country to have dreadnoughts under construction, behind the United Kingdom and the United States.Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Whitley, ''Battleships'', 13. In particular, the United States now actively attempted to court Brazil as an ally; caught up in the spirit, U.S. naval journals began using terms like "Pan Americanism" and "Hemispheric Cooperation". Newspapers and journals around the world, particularly in Britain and Germany, speculated that Brazil was acting as a proxy for a naval power which would take possession of the two dreadnoughts soon after completion, as they did not believe that a previously insignificant geopolitical power would contract for such powerful armament.Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 77.">ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「'''''Minas Geraes''''', spelled '''''Minas Gerais''''' in some sources, was a dreadnought battleship of the Brazilian Navy. Named in honor of the state of Minas Gerais, the ship was laid down in April 1907 as the lead ship of its class, making the country the third to have a dreadnought under construction and igniting a naval arms race between Brazil, Argentina, and Chile.Two months after its completion in January 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was featured in ''Scientific American'', which described it as "the last word in heavy battleship design and the ... most powerfully armed warship afloat". In November 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was the focal point of the Revolt of the Lash. The mutiny spread from ''Minas Geraes'' to other ships in the Navy, including its sister , the elderly coastal defense ship ''Deodoro'', and the recently commissioned cruiser . Led by the "Black Admiral" João Cândido Felisberto, the mutineers threatened to bombard the Brazilian capital of Rio de Janeiro if their demands were not met. As it was not possible to end the situation militarily—the only loyal troops nearby being small torpedo boats and army troops confined to land—the National Congress of Brazil gave in and the rebels disbanded.When Brazil entered the First World War in 1917, Britain's Royal Navy declined Brazil's offer of ''Minas Geraes'' for duty with the Grand Fleet because the ship was outdated; it had not been refitted since entering service, so range-finders and a fire-control system had not been added. ''São Paulo'' underwent modernization in the United States in 1920; in 1921, ''Minas Geraes'' received the same treatment. A year later, ''Minas Geraes'' sailed to counter the first of the Tenente revolts. ''São Paulo'' shelled the rebels' fort, and they surrendered shortly thereafter; ''Minas Geraes'' did not fire its guns. In 1924, mutineers seized ''São Paulo'' and attempted to persuade the crews of ''Minas Geraes'' and several other ships to join them, but were unsuccessful.''Minas Geraes'' was modernized at the Rio de Janeiro Naval Yard in the 1930s, and underwent further refitting from 1939 to 1943. During the Second World War, the ship was anchored in Salvador as the main defense of the port, as it was too old to play an active part in the war. For the last nine years of its service life, ''Minas Geraes'' remained largely inactive, and was towed to Italy for scrapping in March 1954.== Background ==Beginning in the late 1880s, Brazil's navy fell into obsolescence, helped along by an 1889 revolution, which deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II, and naval revolts in 1891 and 1893–94.Barman, ''Citizen Emperor'', 403; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. By the turn of the 20th century it was lagging behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage,Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. despite Brazil having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile.Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.At the turn of the twentieth century, soaring demand for coffee and rubber brought prosperity to the Brazilian economy.Scheina, "Brazil," 403. The government of Brazil used some of the extra money from this economic growth to finance a large naval building program in 1904,Scheina, "Brazil," 404. which authorized the construction of a large number of warships, including three battleships.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 80; English, ''Armed Forces'', 108. The Minister of the Navy, Admiral Júlio César de Noronha, signed a contract with Armstrong Whitworth for three battleships on 23 July 1906.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240–245. While the first designs for these ships were derived from the Norwegian coastal defense ship ''Norge'' and the British (originally Chilean) , the contracted ships were to follow Armstrong Whitworth's Design 439 (Design 188 in Vickers' files). They would displace 11,800 long tons (12,000 tonnes), have a speed of 19 knots (22 mph; 35 km/h), and be protected by belt armor of 9 inches (23 cm) and deck armor of 1.5 in (3.8 cm). Each ship would be armed with twelve 10-inch (25 cm) guns mounted in six twin turrets. These turrets would be mounted in a hexagonal configuration, similar to the later German s.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 244–246.Two of these ships were laid down by Armstrong in Elswick (''Minas Geraes'' and ''Rio de Janeiro''), while the other was subcontracted out to Vickers in Barrow (''São Paulo''). The new dreadnought concept, which premiered in December 1906 upon the completion of the namesake ship in December 1906, rendered the Brazilian ships obsolete.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 246. The money authorized for naval expansion was redirected by new Minister of the Navy, Rear Admiral Alexandrino Fario de Alencar, to building two dreadnoughts, with plans for a third dreadnought after the first was completed, two scout cruisers (which became the ), ten destroyers (the ), and three submarines.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 81; ''Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers'', "Brazil," 883. The three battleships on which construction had just begun were demolished beginning on 7 January 1907, and the design of the new dreadnoughts was approved by the Brazilians on 20 February 1907.Even though the greater cost of these ships meant that only two ships could begin immediately, plans went ahead.Whitley, ''Battleships'', 24. ''Minas Geraes'', the lead ship, was laid down by Armstrong on 17 April 1907, while ''São Paulo'' followed thirteen days later at Vickers.Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Scheina, ''Naval History'', 321; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 249. The news shocked Brazil's neighbors, especially Argentina, whose Minister of Foreign Affairs remarked that either ''Minas Geraes'' or ''São Paulo'' could destroy the entire Argentine and Chilean fleets.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 76. In addition, Brazil's order meant that they had laid down a dreadnought before many of the other major maritime powers, such as Germany, France or Russia, and the two ships made Brazil just the third country to have dreadnoughts under construction, behind the United Kingdom and the United States.Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Whitley, ''Battleships'', 13. In particular, the United States now actively attempted to court Brazil as an ally; caught up in the spirit, U.S. naval journals began using terms like "Pan Americanism" and "Hemispheric Cooperation". Newspapers and journals around the world, particularly in Britain and Germany, speculated that Brazil was acting as a proxy for a naval power which would take possession of the two dreadnoughts soon after completion, as they did not believe that a previously insignificant geopolitical power would contract for such powerful armament.Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 77.」の詳細全文を読む
' in some sources, was a dreadnought battleship of the Brazilian Navy. Named in honor of the state of Minas Gerais, the ship was laid down in April 1907 as the lead ship of its class, making the country the third to have a dreadnought under construction and igniting a naval arms race between Brazil, Argentina, and Chile.Two months after its completion in January 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was featured in ''Scientific American'', which described it as "the last word in heavy battleship design and the ... most powerfully armed warship afloat". In November 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was the focal point of the Revolt of the Lash. The mutiny spread from ''Minas Geraes'' to other ships in the Navy, including its sister , the elderly coastal defense ship ''Deodoro'', and the recently commissioned cruiser . Led by the "Black Admiral" João Cândido Felisberto, the mutineers threatened to bombard the Brazilian capital of Rio de Janeiro if their demands were not met. As it was not possible to end the situation militarily—the only loyal troops nearby being small torpedo boats and army troops confined to land—the National Congress of Brazil gave in and the rebels disbanded.When Brazil entered the First World War in 1917, Britain's Royal Navy declined Brazil's offer of ''Minas Geraes'' for duty with the Grand Fleet because the ship was outdated; it had not been refitted since entering service, so range-finders and a fire-control system had not been added. ''São Paulo'' underwent modernization in the United States in 1920; in 1921, ''Minas Geraes'' received the same treatment. A year later, ''Minas Geraes'' sailed to counter the first of the Tenente revolts. ''São Paulo'' shelled the rebels' fort, and they surrendered shortly thereafter; ''Minas Geraes'' did not fire its guns. In 1924, mutineers seized ''São Paulo'' and attempted to persuade the crews of ''Minas Geraes'' and several other ships to join them, but were unsuccessful.''Minas Geraes'' was modernized at the Rio de Janeiro Naval Yard in the 1930s, and underwent further refitting from 1939 to 1943. During the Second World War, the ship was anchored in Salvador as the main defense of the port, as it was too old to play an active part in the war. For the last nine years of its service life, ''Minas Geraes'' remained largely inactive, and was towed to Italy for scrapping in March 1954.== Background ==Beginning in the late 1880s, Brazil's navy fell into obsolescence, helped along by an 1889 revolution, which deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II, and naval revolts in 1891 and 1893–94.Barman, ''Citizen Emperor'', 403; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. By the turn of the 20th century it was lagging behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage,Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. despite Brazil having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile.Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.At the turn of the twentieth century, soaring demand for coffee and rubber brought prosperity to the Brazilian economy.Scheina, "Brazil," 403. The government of Brazil used some of the extra money from this economic growth to finance a large naval building program in 1904,Scheina, "Brazil," 404. which authorized the construction of a large number of warships, including three battleships.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 80; English, ''Armed Forces'', 108. The Minister of the Navy, Admiral Júlio César de Noronha, signed a contract with Armstrong Whitworth for three battleships on 23 July 1906.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240–245. While the first designs for these ships were derived from the Norwegian coastal defense ship ''Norge'' and the British (originally Chilean) , the contracted ships were to follow Armstrong Whitworth's Design 439 (Design 188 in Vickers' files). They would displace 11,800 long tons (12,000 tonnes), have a speed of 19 knots (22 mph; 35 km/h), and be protected by belt armor of 9 inches (23 cm) and deck armor of 1.5 in (3.8 cm). Each ship would be armed with twelve 10-inch (25 cm) guns mounted in six twin turrets. These turrets would be mounted in a hexagonal configuration, similar to the later German s.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 244–246.Two of these ships were laid down by Armstrong in Elswick (''Minas Geraes'' and ''Rio de Janeiro''), while the other was subcontracted out to Vickers in Barrow (''São Paulo''). The new dreadnought concept, which premiered in December 1906 upon the completion of the namesake ship in December 1906, rendered the Brazilian ships obsolete.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 246. The money authorized for naval expansion was redirected by new Minister of the Navy, Rear Admiral Alexandrino Fario de Alencar, to building two dreadnoughts, with plans for a third dreadnought after the first was completed, two scout cruisers (which became the ), ten destroyers (the ), and three submarines.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 81; ''Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers'', "Brazil," 883. The three battleships on which construction had just begun were demolished beginning on 7 January 1907, and the design of the new dreadnoughts was approved by the Brazilians on 20 February 1907.Even though the greater cost of these ships meant that only two ships could begin immediately, plans went ahead.Whitley, ''Battleships'', 24. ''Minas Geraes'', the lead ship, was laid down by Armstrong on 17 April 1907, while ''São Paulo'' followed thirteen days later at Vickers.Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Scheina, ''Naval History'', 321; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 249. The news shocked Brazil's neighbors, especially Argentina, whose Minister of Foreign Affairs remarked that either ''Minas Geraes'' or ''São Paulo'' could destroy the entire Argentine and Chilean fleets.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 76. In addition, Brazil's order meant that they had laid down a dreadnought before many of the other major maritime powers, such as Germany, France or Russia, and the two ships made Brazil just the third country to have dreadnoughts under construction, behind the United Kingdom and the United States.Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Whitley, ''Battleships'', 13. In particular, the United States now actively attempted to court Brazil as an ally; caught up in the spirit, U.S. naval journals began using terms like "Pan Americanism" and "Hemispheric Cooperation". Newspapers and journals around the world, particularly in Britain and Germany, speculated that Brazil was acting as a proxy for a naval power which would take possession of the two dreadnoughts soon after completion, as they did not believe that a previously insignificant geopolitical power would contract for such powerful armament.Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 77.">ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
■ウィキペディアで「'''''Minas Geraes''''', spelled '''''Minas Gerais''''' in some sources, was a dreadnought battleship of the Brazilian Navy. Named in honor of the state of Minas Gerais, the ship was laid down in April 1907 as the lead ship of its class, making the country the third to have a dreadnought under construction and igniting a naval arms race between Brazil, Argentina, and Chile.Two months after its completion in January 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was featured in ''Scientific American'', which described it as "the last word in heavy battleship design and the ... most powerfully armed warship afloat". In November 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was the focal point of the Revolt of the Lash. The mutiny spread from ''Minas Geraes'' to other ships in the Navy, including its sister , the elderly coastal defense ship ''Deodoro'', and the recently commissioned cruiser . Led by the "Black Admiral" João Cândido Felisberto, the mutineers threatened to bombard the Brazilian capital of Rio de Janeiro if their demands were not met. As it was not possible to end the situation militarily—the only loyal troops nearby being small torpedo boats and army troops confined to land—the National Congress of Brazil gave in and the rebels disbanded.When Brazil entered the First World War in 1917, Britain's Royal Navy declined Brazil's offer of ''Minas Geraes'' for duty with the Grand Fleet because the ship was outdated; it had not been refitted since entering service, so range-finders and a fire-control system had not been added. ''São Paulo'' underwent modernization in the United States in 1920; in 1921, ''Minas Geraes'' received the same treatment. A year later, ''Minas Geraes'' sailed to counter the first of the Tenente revolts. ''São Paulo'' shelled the rebels' fort, and they surrendered shortly thereafter; ''Minas Geraes'' did not fire its guns. In 1924, mutineers seized ''São Paulo'' and attempted to persuade the crews of ''Minas Geraes'' and several other ships to join them, but were unsuccessful.''Minas Geraes'' was modernized at the Rio de Janeiro Naval Yard in the 1930s, and underwent further refitting from 1939 to 1943. During the Second World War, the ship was anchored in Salvador as the main defense of the port, as it was too old to play an active part in the war. For the last nine years of its service life, ''Minas Geraes'' remained largely inactive, and was towed to Italy for scrapping in March 1954.== Background ==Beginning in the late 1880s, Brazil's navy fell into obsolescence, helped along by an 1889 revolution, which deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II, and naval revolts in 1891 and 1893–94.Barman, ''Citizen Emperor'', 403; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. By the turn of the 20th century it was lagging behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage,Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. despite Brazil having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile.Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.At the turn of the twentieth century, soaring demand for coffee and rubber brought prosperity to the Brazilian economy.Scheina, "Brazil," 403. The government of Brazil used some of the extra money from this economic growth to finance a large naval building program in 1904,Scheina, "Brazil," 404. which authorized the construction of a large number of warships, including three battleships.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 80; English, ''Armed Forces'', 108. The Minister of the Navy, Admiral Júlio César de Noronha, signed a contract with Armstrong Whitworth for three battleships on 23 July 1906.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240–245. While the first designs for these ships were derived from the Norwegian coastal defense ship ''Norge'' and the British (originally Chilean) , the contracted ships were to follow Armstrong Whitworth's Design 439 (Design 188 in Vickers' files). They would displace 11,800 long tons (12,000 tonnes), have a speed of 19 knots (22 mph; 35 km/h), and be protected by belt armor of 9 inches (23 cm) and deck armor of 1.5 in (3.8 cm). Each ship would be armed with twelve 10-inch (25 cm) guns mounted in six twin turrets. These turrets would be mounted in a hexagonal configuration, similar to the later German s.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 244–246.Two of these ships were laid down by Armstrong in Elswick (''Minas Geraes'' and ''Rio de Janeiro''), while the other was subcontracted out to Vickers in Barrow (''São Paulo''). The new dreadnought concept, which premiered in December 1906 upon the completion of the namesake ship in December 1906, rendered the Brazilian ships obsolete.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 246. The money authorized for naval expansion was redirected by new Minister of the Navy, Rear Admiral Alexandrino Fario de Alencar, to building two dreadnoughts, with plans for a third dreadnought after the first was completed, two scout cruisers (which became the ), ten destroyers (the ), and three submarines.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 81; ''Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers'', "Brazil," 883. The three battleships on which construction had just begun were demolished beginning on 7 January 1907, and the design of the new dreadnoughts was approved by the Brazilians on 20 February 1907.Even though the greater cost of these ships meant that only two ships could begin immediately, plans went ahead.Whitley, ''Battleships'', 24. ''Minas Geraes'', the lead ship, was laid down by Armstrong on 17 April 1907, while ''São Paulo'' followed thirteen days later at Vickers.Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Scheina, ''Naval History'', 321; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 249. The news shocked Brazil's neighbors, especially Argentina, whose Minister of Foreign Affairs remarked that either ''Minas Geraes'' or ''São Paulo'' could destroy the entire Argentine and Chilean fleets.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 76. In addition, Brazil's order meant that they had laid down a dreadnought before many of the other major maritime powers, such as Germany, France or Russia, and the two ships made Brazil just the third country to have dreadnoughts under construction, behind the United Kingdom and the United States.Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Whitley, ''Battleships'', 13. In particular, the United States now actively attempted to court Brazil as an ally; caught up in the spirit, U.S. naval journals began using terms like "Pan Americanism" and "Hemispheric Cooperation". Newspapers and journals around the world, particularly in Britain and Germany, speculated that Brazil was acting as a proxy for a naval power which would take possession of the two dreadnoughts soon after completion, as they did not believe that a previously insignificant geopolitical power would contract for such powerful armament.Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 77.」の詳細全文を読む
'Minas Geraes'', spelled '''''Minas Gerais''''' in some sources, was a dreadnought battleship of the Brazilian Navy. Named in honor of the state of Minas Gerais, the ship was laid down in April 1907 as the lead ship of its class, making the country the third to have a dreadnought under construction and igniting a naval arms race between Brazil, Argentina, and Chile.Two months after its completion in January 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was featured in ''Scientific American'', which described it as "the last word in heavy battleship design and the ... most powerfully armed warship afloat". In November 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was the focal point of the Revolt of the Lash. The mutiny spread from ''Minas Geraes'' to other ships in the Navy, including its sister , the elderly coastal defense ship ''Deodoro'', and the recently commissioned cruiser . Led by the "Black Admiral" João Cândido Felisberto, the mutineers threatened to bombard the Brazilian capital of Rio de Janeiro if their demands were not met. As it was not possible to end the situation militarily—the only loyal troops nearby being small torpedo boats and army troops confined to land—the National Congress of Brazil gave in and the rebels disbanded.When Brazil entered the First World War in 1917, Britain's Royal Navy declined Brazil's offer of ''Minas Geraes'' for duty with the Grand Fleet because the ship was outdated; it had not been refitted since entering service, so range-finders and a fire-control system had not been added. ''São Paulo'' underwent modernization in the United States in 1920; in 1921, ''Minas Geraes'' received the same treatment. A year later, ''Minas Geraes'' sailed to counter the first of the Tenente revolts. ''São Paulo'' shelled the rebels' fort, and they surrendered shortly thereafter; ''Minas Geraes'' did not fire its guns. In 1924, mutineers seized ''São Paulo'' and attempted to persuade the crews of ''Minas Geraes'' and several other ships to join them, but were unsuccessful.''Minas Geraes'' was modernized at the Rio de Janeiro Naval Yard in the 1930s, and underwent further refitting from 1939 to 1943. During the Second World War, the ship was anchored in Salvador as the main defense of the port, as it was too old to play an active part in the war. For the last nine years of its service life, ''Minas Geraes'' remained largely inactive, and was towed to Italy for scrapping in March 1954.== Background ==Beginning in the late 1880s, Brazil's navy fell into obsolescence, helped along by an 1889 revolution, which deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II, and naval revolts in 1891 and 1893–94.Barman, ''Citizen Emperor'', 403; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. By the turn of the 20th century it was lagging behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage,Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. despite Brazil having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile.Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.At the turn of the twentieth century, soaring demand for coffee and rubber brought prosperity to the Brazilian economy.Scheina, "Brazil," 403. The government of Brazil used some of the extra money from this economic growth to finance a large naval building program in 1904,Scheina, "Brazil," 404. which authorized the construction of a large number of warships, including three battleships.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 80; English, ''Armed Forces'', 108. The Minister of the Navy, Admiral Júlio César de Noronha, signed a contract with Armstrong Whitworth for three battleships on 23 July 1906.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240–245. While the first designs for these ships were derived from the Norwegian coastal defense ship ''Norge'' and the British (originally Chilean) , the contracted ships were to follow Armstrong Whitworth's Design 439 (Design 188 in Vickers' files). They would displace 11,800 long tons (12,000 tonnes), have a speed of 19 knots (22 mph; 35 km/h), and be protected by belt armor of 9 inches (23 cm) and deck armor of 1.5 in (3.8 cm). Each ship would be armed with twelve 10-inch (25 cm) guns mounted in six twin turrets. These turrets would be mounted in a hexagonal configuration, similar to the later German s.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 244–246.Two of these ships were laid down by Armstrong in Elswick (''Minas Geraes'' and ''Rio de Janeiro''), while the other was subcontracted out to Vickers in Barrow (''São Paulo''). The new dreadnought concept, which premiered in December 1906 upon the completion of the namesake ship in December 1906, rendered the Brazilian ships obsolete.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 246. The money authorized for naval expansion was redirected by new Minister of the Navy, Rear Admiral Alexandrino Fario de Alencar, to building two dreadnoughts, with plans for a third dreadnought after the first was completed, two scout cruisers (which became the ), ten destroyers (the ), and three submarines.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 81; ''Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers'', "Brazil," 883. The three battleships on which construction had just begun were demolished beginning on 7 January 1907, and the design of the new dreadnoughts was approved by the Brazilians on 20 February 1907.Even though the greater cost of these ships meant that only two ships could begin immediately, plans went ahead.Whitley, ''Battleships'', 24. ''Minas Geraes'', the lead ship, was laid down by Armstrong on 17 April 1907, while ''São Paulo'' followed thirteen days later at Vickers.Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Scheina, ''Naval History'', 321; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 249. The news shocked Brazil's neighbors, especially Argentina, whose Minister of Foreign Affairs remarked that either ''Minas Geraes'' or ''São Paulo'' could destroy the entire Argentine and Chilean fleets.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 76. In addition, Brazil's order meant that they had laid down a dreadnought before many of the other major maritime powers, such as Germany, France or Russia, and the two ships made Brazil just the third country to have dreadnoughts under construction, behind the United Kingdom and the United States.Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Whitley, ''Battleships'', 13. In particular, the United States now actively attempted to court Brazil as an ally; caught up in the spirit, U.S. naval journals began using terms like "Pan Americanism" and "Hemispheric Cooperation". Newspapers and journals around the world, particularly in Britain and Germany, speculated that Brazil was acting as a proxy for a naval power which would take possession of the two dreadnoughts soon after completion, as they did not believe that a previously insignificant geopolitical power would contract for such powerful armament.Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 77.">ウィキペディアで「'''''Minas Geraes''''', spelled '''''Minas Gerais''''' in some sources, was a dreadnought battleship of the Brazilian Navy. Named in honor of the state of Minas Gerais, the ship was laid down in April 1907 as the lead ship of its class, making the country the third to have a dreadnought under construction and igniting a naval arms race between Brazil, Argentina, and Chile.Two months after its completion in January 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was featured in ''Scientific American'', which described it as "the last word in heavy battleship design and the ... most powerfully armed warship afloat". In November 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was the focal point of the Revolt of the Lash. The mutiny spread from ''Minas Geraes'' to other ships in the Navy, including its sister , the elderly coastal defense ship ''Deodoro'', and the recently commissioned cruiser . Led by the "Black Admiral" João Cândido Felisberto, the mutineers threatened to bombard the Brazilian capital of Rio de Janeiro if their demands were not met. As it was not possible to end the situation militarily—the only loyal troops nearby being small torpedo boats and army troops confined to land—the National Congress of Brazil gave in and the rebels disbanded.When Brazil entered the First World War in 1917, Britain's Royal Navy declined Brazil's offer of ''Minas Geraes'' for duty with the Grand Fleet because the ship was outdated; it had not been refitted since entering service, so range-finders and a fire-control system had not been added. ''São Paulo'' underwent modernization in the United States in 1920; in 1921, ''Minas Geraes'' received the same treatment. A year later, ''Minas Geraes'' sailed to counter the first of the Tenente revolts. ''São Paulo'' shelled the rebels' fort, and they surrendered shortly thereafter; ''Minas Geraes'' did not fire its guns. In 1924, mutineers seized ''São Paulo'' and attempted to persuade the crews of ''Minas Geraes'' and several other ships to join them, but were unsuccessful.''Minas Geraes'' was modernized at the Rio de Janeiro Naval Yard in the 1930s, and underwent further refitting from 1939 to 1943. During the Second World War, the ship was anchored in Salvador as the main defense of the port, as it was too old to play an active part in the war. For the last nine years of its service life, ''Minas Geraes'' remained largely inactive, and was towed to Italy for scrapping in March 1954.== Background ==Beginning in the late 1880s, Brazil's navy fell into obsolescence, helped along by an 1889 revolution, which deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II, and naval revolts in 1891 and 1893–94.Barman, ''Citizen Emperor'', 403; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. By the turn of the 20th century it was lagging behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage,Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. despite Brazil having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile.Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.At the turn of the twentieth century, soaring demand for coffee and rubber brought prosperity to the Brazilian economy.Scheina, "Brazil," 403. The government of Brazil used some of the extra money from this economic growth to finance a large naval building program in 1904,Scheina, "Brazil," 404. which authorized the construction of a large number of warships, including three battleships.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 80; English, ''Armed Forces'', 108. The Minister of the Navy, Admiral Júlio César de Noronha, signed a contract with Armstrong Whitworth for three battleships on 23 July 1906.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240–245. While the first designs for these ships were derived from the Norwegian coastal defense ship ''Norge'' and the British (originally Chilean) , the contracted ships were to follow Armstrong Whitworth's Design 439 (Design 188 in Vickers' files). They would displace 11,800 long tons (12,000 tonnes), have a speed of 19 knots (22 mph; 35 km/h), and be protected by belt armor of 9 inches (23 cm) and deck armor of 1.5 in (3.8 cm). Each ship would be armed with twelve 10-inch (25 cm) guns mounted in six twin turrets. These turrets would be mounted in a hexagonal configuration, similar to the later German s.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 244–246.Two of these ships were laid down by Armstrong in Elswick (''Minas Geraes'' and ''Rio de Janeiro''), while the other was subcontracted out to Vickers in Barrow (''São Paulo''). The new dreadnought concept, which premiered in December 1906 upon the completion of the namesake ship in December 1906, rendered the Brazilian ships obsolete.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 246. The money authorized for naval expansion was redirected by new Minister of the Navy, Rear Admiral Alexandrino Fario de Alencar, to building two dreadnoughts, with plans for a third dreadnought after the first was completed, two scout cruisers (which became the ), ten destroyers (the ), and three submarines.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 81; ''Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers'', "Brazil," 883. The three battleships on which construction had just begun were demolished beginning on 7 January 1907, and the design of the new dreadnoughts was approved by the Brazilians on 20 February 1907.Even though the greater cost of these ships meant that only two ships could begin immediately, plans went ahead.Whitley, ''Battleships'', 24. ''Minas Geraes'', the lead ship, was laid down by Armstrong on 17 April 1907, while ''São Paulo'' followed thirteen days later at Vickers.Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Scheina, ''Naval History'', 321; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 249. The news shocked Brazil's neighbors, especially Argentina, whose Minister of Foreign Affairs remarked that either ''Minas Geraes'' or ''São Paulo'' could destroy the entire Argentine and Chilean fleets.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 76. In addition, Brazil's order meant that they had laid down a dreadnought before many of the other major maritime powers, such as Germany, France or Russia, and the two ships made Brazil just the third country to have dreadnoughts under construction, behind the United Kingdom and the United States.Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Whitley, ''Battleships'', 13. In particular, the United States now actively attempted to court Brazil as an ally; caught up in the spirit, U.S. naval journals began using terms like "Pan Americanism" and "Hemispheric Cooperation". Newspapers and journals around the world, particularly in Britain and Germany, speculated that Brazil was acting as a proxy for a naval power which would take possession of the two dreadnoughts soon after completion, as they did not believe that a previously insignificant geopolitical power would contract for such powerful armament.Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 77.」の詳細全文を読む
', spelled ''Minas Gerais''''' in some sources, was a dreadnought battleship of the Brazilian Navy. Named in honor of the state of Minas Gerais, the ship was laid down in April 1907 as the lead ship of its class, making the country the third to have a dreadnought under construction and igniting a naval arms race between Brazil, Argentina, and Chile.Two months after its completion in January 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was featured in ''Scientific American'', which described it as "the last word in heavy battleship design and the ... most powerfully armed warship afloat". In November 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was the focal point of the Revolt of the Lash. The mutiny spread from ''Minas Geraes'' to other ships in the Navy, including its sister , the elderly coastal defense ship ''Deodoro'', and the recently commissioned cruiser . Led by the "Black Admiral" João Cândido Felisberto, the mutineers threatened to bombard the Brazilian capital of Rio de Janeiro if their demands were not met. As it was not possible to end the situation militarily—the only loyal troops nearby being small torpedo boats and army troops confined to land—the National Congress of Brazil gave in and the rebels disbanded.When Brazil entered the First World War in 1917, Britain's Royal Navy declined Brazil's offer of ''Minas Geraes'' for duty with the Grand Fleet because the ship was outdated; it had not been refitted since entering service, so range-finders and a fire-control system had not been added. ''São Paulo'' underwent modernization in the United States in 1920; in 1921, ''Minas Geraes'' received the same treatment. A year later, ''Minas Geraes'' sailed to counter the first of the Tenente revolts. ''São Paulo'' shelled the rebels' fort, and they surrendered shortly thereafter; ''Minas Geraes'' did not fire its guns. In 1924, mutineers seized ''São Paulo'' and attempted to persuade the crews of ''Minas Geraes'' and several other ships to join them, but were unsuccessful.''Minas Geraes'' was modernized at the Rio de Janeiro Naval Yard in the 1930s, and underwent further refitting from 1939 to 1943. During the Second World War, the ship was anchored in Salvador as the main defense of the port, as it was too old to play an active part in the war. For the last nine years of its service life, ''Minas Geraes'' remained largely inactive, and was towed to Italy for scrapping in March 1954.== Background ==Beginning in the late 1880s, Brazil's navy fell into obsolescence, helped along by an 1889 revolution, which deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II, and naval revolts in 1891 and 1893–94.Barman, ''Citizen Emperor'', 403; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. By the turn of the 20th century it was lagging behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage,Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. despite Brazil having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile.Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.At the turn of the twentieth century, soaring demand for coffee and rubber brought prosperity to the Brazilian economy.Scheina, "Brazil," 403. The government of Brazil used some of the extra money from this economic growth to finance a large naval building program in 1904,Scheina, "Brazil," 404. which authorized the construction of a large number of warships, including three battleships.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 80; English, ''Armed Forces'', 108. The Minister of the Navy, Admiral Júlio César de Noronha, signed a contract with Armstrong Whitworth for three battleships on 23 July 1906.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240–245. While the first designs for these ships were derived from the Norwegian coastal defense ship ''Norge'' and the British (originally Chilean) , the contracted ships were to follow Armstrong Whitworth's Design 439 (Design 188 in Vickers' files). They would displace 11,800 long tons (12,000 tonnes), have a speed of 19 knots (22 mph; 35 km/h), and be protected by belt armor of 9 inches (23 cm) and deck armor of 1.5 in (3.8 cm). Each ship would be armed with twelve 10-inch (25 cm) guns mounted in six twin turrets. These turrets would be mounted in a hexagonal configuration, similar to the later German s.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 244–246.Two of these ships were laid down by Armstrong in Elswick (''Minas Geraes'' and ''Rio de Janeiro''), while the other was subcontracted out to Vickers in Barrow (''São Paulo''). The new dreadnought concept, which premiered in December 1906 upon the completion of the namesake ship in December 1906, rendered the Brazilian ships obsolete.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 246. The money authorized for naval expansion was redirected by new Minister of the Navy, Rear Admiral Alexandrino Fario de Alencar, to building two dreadnoughts, with plans for a third dreadnought after the first was completed, two scout cruisers (which became the ), ten destroyers (the ), and three submarines.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 81; ''Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers'', "Brazil," 883. The three battleships on which construction had just begun were demolished beginning on 7 January 1907, and the design of the new dreadnoughts was approved by the Brazilians on 20 February 1907.Even though the greater cost of these ships meant that only two ships could begin immediately, plans went ahead.Whitley, ''Battleships'', 24. ''Minas Geraes'', the lead ship, was laid down by Armstrong on 17 April 1907, while ''São Paulo'' followed thirteen days later at Vickers.Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Scheina, ''Naval History'', 321; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 249. The news shocked Brazil's neighbors, especially Argentina, whose Minister of Foreign Affairs remarked that either ''Minas Geraes'' or ''São Paulo'' could destroy the entire Argentine and Chilean fleets.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 76. In addition, Brazil's order meant that they had laid down a dreadnought before many of the other major maritime powers, such as Germany, France or Russia, and the two ships made Brazil just the third country to have dreadnoughts under construction, behind the United Kingdom and the United States.Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Whitley, ''Battleships'', 13. In particular, the United States now actively attempted to court Brazil as an ally; caught up in the spirit, U.S. naval journals began using terms like "Pan Americanism" and "Hemispheric Cooperation". Newspapers and journals around the world, particularly in Britain and Germany, speculated that Brazil was acting as a proxy for a naval power which would take possession of the two dreadnoughts soon after completion, as they did not believe that a previously insignificant geopolitical power would contract for such powerful armament.Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 77.">ウィキペディアで「'''''Minas Geraes''''', spelled '''''Minas Gerais''''' in some sources, was a dreadnought battleship of the Brazilian Navy. Named in honor of the state of Minas Gerais, the ship was laid down in April 1907 as the lead ship of its class, making the country the third to have a dreadnought under construction and igniting a naval arms race between Brazil, Argentina, and Chile.Two months after its completion in January 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was featured in ''Scientific American'', which described it as "the last word in heavy battleship design and the ... most powerfully armed warship afloat". In November 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was the focal point of the Revolt of the Lash. The mutiny spread from ''Minas Geraes'' to other ships in the Navy, including its sister , the elderly coastal defense ship ''Deodoro'', and the recently commissioned cruiser . Led by the "Black Admiral" João Cândido Felisberto, the mutineers threatened to bombard the Brazilian capital of Rio de Janeiro if their demands were not met. As it was not possible to end the situation militarily—the only loyal troops nearby being small torpedo boats and army troops confined to land—the National Congress of Brazil gave in and the rebels disbanded.When Brazil entered the First World War in 1917, Britain's Royal Navy declined Brazil's offer of ''Minas Geraes'' for duty with the Grand Fleet because the ship was outdated; it had not been refitted since entering service, so range-finders and a fire-control system had not been added. ''São Paulo'' underwent modernization in the United States in 1920; in 1921, ''Minas Geraes'' received the same treatment. A year later, ''Minas Geraes'' sailed to counter the first of the Tenente revolts. ''São Paulo'' shelled the rebels' fort, and they surrendered shortly thereafter; ''Minas Geraes'' did not fire its guns. In 1924, mutineers seized ''São Paulo'' and attempted to persuade the crews of ''Minas Geraes'' and several other ships to join them, but were unsuccessful.''Minas Geraes'' was modernized at the Rio de Janeiro Naval Yard in the 1930s, and underwent further refitting from 1939 to 1943. During the Second World War, the ship was anchored in Salvador as the main defense of the port, as it was too old to play an active part in the war. For the last nine years of its service life, ''Minas Geraes'' remained largely inactive, and was towed to Italy for scrapping in March 1954.== Background ==Beginning in the late 1880s, Brazil's navy fell into obsolescence, helped along by an 1889 revolution, which deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II, and naval revolts in 1891 and 1893–94.Barman, ''Citizen Emperor'', 403; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. By the turn of the 20th century it was lagging behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage,Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. despite Brazil having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile.Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.At the turn of the twentieth century, soaring demand for coffee and rubber brought prosperity to the Brazilian economy.Scheina, "Brazil," 403. The government of Brazil used some of the extra money from this economic growth to finance a large naval building program in 1904,Scheina, "Brazil," 404. which authorized the construction of a large number of warships, including three battleships.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 80; English, ''Armed Forces'', 108. The Minister of the Navy, Admiral Júlio César de Noronha, signed a contract with Armstrong Whitworth for three battleships on 23 July 1906.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240–245. While the first designs for these ships were derived from the Norwegian coastal defense ship ''Norge'' and the British (originally Chilean) , the contracted ships were to follow Armstrong Whitworth's Design 439 (Design 188 in Vickers' files). They would displace 11,800 long tons (12,000 tonnes), have a speed of 19 knots (22 mph; 35 km/h), and be protected by belt armor of 9 inches (23 cm) and deck armor of 1.5 in (3.8 cm). Each ship would be armed with twelve 10-inch (25 cm) guns mounted in six twin turrets. These turrets would be mounted in a hexagonal configuration, similar to the later German s.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 244–246.Two of these ships were laid down by Armstrong in Elswick (''Minas Geraes'' and ''Rio de Janeiro''), while the other was subcontracted out to Vickers in Barrow (''São Paulo''). The new dreadnought concept, which premiered in December 1906 upon the completion of the namesake ship in December 1906, rendered the Brazilian ships obsolete.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 246. The money authorized for naval expansion was redirected by new Minister of the Navy, Rear Admiral Alexandrino Fario de Alencar, to building two dreadnoughts, with plans for a third dreadnought after the first was completed, two scout cruisers (which became the ), ten destroyers (the ), and three submarines.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 81; ''Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers'', "Brazil," 883. The three battleships on which construction had just begun were demolished beginning on 7 January 1907, and the design of the new dreadnoughts was approved by the Brazilians on 20 February 1907.Even though the greater cost of these ships meant that only two ships could begin immediately, plans went ahead.Whitley, ''Battleships'', 24. ''Minas Geraes'', the lead ship, was laid down by Armstrong on 17 April 1907, while ''São Paulo'' followed thirteen days later at Vickers.Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Scheina, ''Naval History'', 321; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 249. The news shocked Brazil's neighbors, especially Argentina, whose Minister of Foreign Affairs remarked that either ''Minas Geraes'' or ''São Paulo'' could destroy the entire Argentine and Chilean fleets.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 76. In addition, Brazil's order meant that they had laid down a dreadnought before many of the other major maritime powers, such as Germany, France or Russia, and the two ships made Brazil just the third country to have dreadnoughts under construction, behind the United Kingdom and the United States.Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Whitley, ''Battleships'', 13. In particular, the United States now actively attempted to court Brazil as an ally; caught up in the spirit, U.S. naval journals began using terms like "Pan Americanism" and "Hemispheric Cooperation". Newspapers and journals around the world, particularly in Britain and Germany, speculated that Brazil was acting as a proxy for a naval power which would take possession of the two dreadnoughts soon after completion, as they did not believe that a previously insignificant geopolitical power would contract for such powerful armament.Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 77.」の詳細全文を読む
'Minas Gerais'' in some sources, was a dreadnought battleship of the Brazilian Navy. Named in honor of the state of Minas Gerais, the ship was laid down in April 1907 as the lead ship of its class, making the country the third to have a dreadnought under construction and igniting a naval arms race between Brazil, Argentina, and Chile.Two months after its completion in January 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was featured in ''Scientific American'', which described it as "the last word in heavy battleship design and the ... most powerfully armed warship afloat". In November 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was the focal point of the Revolt of the Lash. The mutiny spread from ''Minas Geraes'' to other ships in the Navy, including its sister , the elderly coastal defense ship ''Deodoro'', and the recently commissioned cruiser . Led by the "Black Admiral" João Cândido Felisberto, the mutineers threatened to bombard the Brazilian capital of Rio de Janeiro if their demands were not met. As it was not possible to end the situation militarily—the only loyal troops nearby being small torpedo boats and army troops confined to land—the National Congress of Brazil gave in and the rebels disbanded.When Brazil entered the First World War in 1917, Britain's Royal Navy declined Brazil's offer of ''Minas Geraes'' for duty with the Grand Fleet because the ship was outdated; it had not been refitted since entering service, so range-finders and a fire-control system had not been added. ''São Paulo'' underwent modernization in the United States in 1920; in 1921, ''Minas Geraes'' received the same treatment. A year later, ''Minas Geraes'' sailed to counter the first of the Tenente revolts. ''São Paulo'' shelled the rebels' fort, and they surrendered shortly thereafter; ''Minas Geraes'' did not fire its guns. In 1924, mutineers seized ''São Paulo'' and attempted to persuade the crews of ''Minas Geraes'' and several other ships to join them, but were unsuccessful.''Minas Geraes'' was modernized at the Rio de Janeiro Naval Yard in the 1930s, and underwent further refitting from 1939 to 1943. During the Second World War, the ship was anchored in Salvador as the main defense of the port, as it was too old to play an active part in the war. For the last nine years of its service life, ''Minas Geraes'' remained largely inactive, and was towed to Italy for scrapping in March 1954.== Background ==Beginning in the late 1880s, Brazil's navy fell into obsolescence, helped along by an 1889 revolution, which deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II, and naval revolts in 1891 and 1893–94.Barman, ''Citizen Emperor'', 403; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. By the turn of the 20th century it was lagging behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage,Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. despite Brazil having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile.Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.At the turn of the twentieth century, soaring demand for coffee and rubber brought prosperity to the Brazilian economy.Scheina, "Brazil," 403. The government of Brazil used some of the extra money from this economic growth to finance a large naval building program in 1904,Scheina, "Brazil," 404. which authorized the construction of a large number of warships, including three battleships.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 80; English, ''Armed Forces'', 108. The Minister of the Navy, Admiral Júlio César de Noronha, signed a contract with Armstrong Whitworth for three battleships on 23 July 1906.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240–245. While the first designs for these ships were derived from the Norwegian coastal defense ship ''Norge'' and the British (originally Chilean) , the contracted ships were to follow Armstrong Whitworth's Design 439 (Design 188 in Vickers' files). They would displace 11,800 long tons (12,000 tonnes), have a speed of 19 knots (22 mph; 35 km/h), and be protected by belt armor of 9 inches (23 cm) and deck armor of 1.5 in (3.8 cm). Each ship would be armed with twelve 10-inch (25 cm) guns mounted in six twin turrets. These turrets would be mounted in a hexagonal configuration, similar to the later German s.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 244–246.Two of these ships were laid down by Armstrong in Elswick (''Minas Geraes'' and ''Rio de Janeiro''), while the other was subcontracted out to Vickers in Barrow (''São Paulo''). The new dreadnought concept, which premiered in December 1906 upon the completion of the namesake ship in December 1906, rendered the Brazilian ships obsolete.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 246. The money authorized for naval expansion was redirected by new Minister of the Navy, Rear Admiral Alexandrino Fario de Alencar, to building two dreadnoughts, with plans for a third dreadnought after the first was completed, two scout cruisers (which became the ), ten destroyers (the ), and three submarines.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 81; ''Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers'', "Brazil," 883. The three battleships on which construction had just begun were demolished beginning on 7 January 1907, and the design of the new dreadnoughts was approved by the Brazilians on 20 February 1907.Even though the greater cost of these ships meant that only two ships could begin immediately, plans went ahead.Whitley, ''Battleships'', 24. ''Minas Geraes'', the lead ship, was laid down by Armstrong on 17 April 1907, while ''São Paulo'' followed thirteen days later at Vickers.Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Scheina, ''Naval History'', 321; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 249. The news shocked Brazil's neighbors, especially Argentina, whose Minister of Foreign Affairs remarked that either ''Minas Geraes'' or ''São Paulo'' could destroy the entire Argentine and Chilean fleets.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 76. In addition, Brazil's order meant that they had laid down a dreadnought before many of the other major maritime powers, such as Germany, France or Russia, and the two ships made Brazil just the third country to have dreadnoughts under construction, behind the United Kingdom and the United States.Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Whitley, ''Battleships'', 13. In particular, the United States now actively attempted to court Brazil as an ally; caught up in the spirit, U.S. naval journals began using terms like "Pan Americanism" and "Hemispheric Cooperation". Newspapers and journals around the world, particularly in Britain and Germany, speculated that Brazil was acting as a proxy for a naval power which would take possession of the two dreadnoughts soon after completion, as they did not believe that a previously insignificant geopolitical power would contract for such powerful armament.Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 77.">ウィキペディアで「'''''Minas Geraes''''', spelled '''''Minas Gerais''''' in some sources, was a dreadnought battleship of the Brazilian Navy. Named in honor of the state of Minas Gerais, the ship was laid down in April 1907 as the lead ship of its class, making the country the third to have a dreadnought under construction and igniting a naval arms race between Brazil, Argentina, and Chile.Two months after its completion in January 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was featured in ''Scientific American'', which described it as "the last word in heavy battleship design and the ... most powerfully armed warship afloat". In November 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was the focal point of the Revolt of the Lash. The mutiny spread from ''Minas Geraes'' to other ships in the Navy, including its sister , the elderly coastal defense ship ''Deodoro'', and the recently commissioned cruiser . Led by the "Black Admiral" João Cândido Felisberto, the mutineers threatened to bombard the Brazilian capital of Rio de Janeiro if their demands were not met. As it was not possible to end the situation militarily—the only loyal troops nearby being small torpedo boats and army troops confined to land—the National Congress of Brazil gave in and the rebels disbanded.When Brazil entered the First World War in 1917, Britain's Royal Navy declined Brazil's offer of ''Minas Geraes'' for duty with the Grand Fleet because the ship was outdated; it had not been refitted since entering service, so range-finders and a fire-control system had not been added. ''São Paulo'' underwent modernization in the United States in 1920; in 1921, ''Minas Geraes'' received the same treatment. A year later, ''Minas Geraes'' sailed to counter the first of the Tenente revolts. ''São Paulo'' shelled the rebels' fort, and they surrendered shortly thereafter; ''Minas Geraes'' did not fire its guns. In 1924, mutineers seized ''São Paulo'' and attempted to persuade the crews of ''Minas Geraes'' and several other ships to join them, but were unsuccessful.''Minas Geraes'' was modernized at the Rio de Janeiro Naval Yard in the 1930s, and underwent further refitting from 1939 to 1943. During the Second World War, the ship was anchored in Salvador as the main defense of the port, as it was too old to play an active part in the war. For the last nine years of its service life, ''Minas Geraes'' remained largely inactive, and was towed to Italy for scrapping in March 1954.== Background ==Beginning in the late 1880s, Brazil's navy fell into obsolescence, helped along by an 1889 revolution, which deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II, and naval revolts in 1891 and 1893–94.Barman, ''Citizen Emperor'', 403; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. By the turn of the 20th century it was lagging behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage,Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. despite Brazil having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile.Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.At the turn of the twentieth century, soaring demand for coffee and rubber brought prosperity to the Brazilian economy.Scheina, "Brazil," 403. The government of Brazil used some of the extra money from this economic growth to finance a large naval building program in 1904,Scheina, "Brazil," 404. which authorized the construction of a large number of warships, including three battleships.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 80; English, ''Armed Forces'', 108. The Minister of the Navy, Admiral Júlio César de Noronha, signed a contract with Armstrong Whitworth for three battleships on 23 July 1906.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240–245. While the first designs for these ships were derived from the Norwegian coastal defense ship ''Norge'' and the British (originally Chilean) , the contracted ships were to follow Armstrong Whitworth's Design 439 (Design 188 in Vickers' files). They would displace 11,800 long tons (12,000 tonnes), have a speed of 19 knots (22 mph; 35 km/h), and be protected by belt armor of 9 inches (23 cm) and deck armor of 1.5 in (3.8 cm). Each ship would be armed with twelve 10-inch (25 cm) guns mounted in six twin turrets. These turrets would be mounted in a hexagonal configuration, similar to the later German s.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 244–246.Two of these ships were laid down by Armstrong in Elswick (''Minas Geraes'' and ''Rio de Janeiro''), while the other was subcontracted out to Vickers in Barrow (''São Paulo''). The new dreadnought concept, which premiered in December 1906 upon the completion of the namesake ship in December 1906, rendered the Brazilian ships obsolete.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 246. The money authorized for naval expansion was redirected by new Minister of the Navy, Rear Admiral Alexandrino Fario de Alencar, to building two dreadnoughts, with plans for a third dreadnought after the first was completed, two scout cruisers (which became the ), ten destroyers (the ), and three submarines.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 81; ''Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers'', "Brazil," 883. The three battleships on which construction had just begun were demolished beginning on 7 January 1907, and the design of the new dreadnoughts was approved by the Brazilians on 20 February 1907.Even though the greater cost of these ships meant that only two ships could begin immediately, plans went ahead.Whitley, ''Battleships'', 24. ''Minas Geraes'', the lead ship, was laid down by Armstrong on 17 April 1907, while ''São Paulo'' followed thirteen days later at Vickers.Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Scheina, ''Naval History'', 321; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 249. The news shocked Brazil's neighbors, especially Argentina, whose Minister of Foreign Affairs remarked that either ''Minas Geraes'' or ''São Paulo'' could destroy the entire Argentine and Chilean fleets.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 76. In addition, Brazil's order meant that they had laid down a dreadnought before many of the other major maritime powers, such as Germany, France or Russia, and the two ships made Brazil just the third country to have dreadnoughts under construction, behind the United Kingdom and the United States.Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Whitley, ''Battleships'', 13. In particular, the United States now actively attempted to court Brazil as an ally; caught up in the spirit, U.S. naval journals began using terms like "Pan Americanism" and "Hemispheric Cooperation". Newspapers and journals around the world, particularly in Britain and Germany, speculated that Brazil was acting as a proxy for a naval power which would take possession of the two dreadnoughts soon after completion, as they did not believe that a previously insignificant geopolitical power would contract for such powerful armament.Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 77.」の詳細全文を読む
' in some sources, was a dreadnought battleship of the Brazilian Navy. Named in honor of the state of Minas Gerais, the ship was laid down in April 1907 as the lead ship of its class, making the country the third to have a dreadnought under construction and igniting a naval arms race between Brazil, Argentina, and Chile.Two months after its completion in January 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was featured in ''Scientific American'', which described it as "the last word in heavy battleship design and the ... most powerfully armed warship afloat". In November 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was the focal point of the Revolt of the Lash. The mutiny spread from ''Minas Geraes'' to other ships in the Navy, including its sister , the elderly coastal defense ship ''Deodoro'', and the recently commissioned cruiser . Led by the "Black Admiral" João Cândido Felisberto, the mutineers threatened to bombard the Brazilian capital of Rio de Janeiro if their demands were not met. As it was not possible to end the situation militarily—the only loyal troops nearby being small torpedo boats and army troops confined to land—the National Congress of Brazil gave in and the rebels disbanded.When Brazil entered the First World War in 1917, Britain's Royal Navy declined Brazil's offer of ''Minas Geraes'' for duty with the Grand Fleet because the ship was outdated; it had not been refitted since entering service, so range-finders and a fire-control system had not been added. ''São Paulo'' underwent modernization in the United States in 1920; in 1921, ''Minas Geraes'' received the same treatment. A year later, ''Minas Geraes'' sailed to counter the first of the Tenente revolts. ''São Paulo'' shelled the rebels' fort, and they surrendered shortly thereafter; ''Minas Geraes'' did not fire its guns. In 1924, mutineers seized ''São Paulo'' and attempted to persuade the crews of ''Minas Geraes'' and several other ships to join them, but were unsuccessful.''Minas Geraes'' was modernized at the Rio de Janeiro Naval Yard in the 1930s, and underwent further refitting from 1939 to 1943. During the Second World War, the ship was anchored in Salvador as the main defense of the port, as it was too old to play an active part in the war. For the last nine years of its service life, ''Minas Geraes'' remained largely inactive, and was towed to Italy for scrapping in March 1954.== Background ==Beginning in the late 1880s, Brazil's navy fell into obsolescence, helped along by an 1889 revolution, which deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II, and naval revolts in 1891 and 1893–94.Barman, ''Citizen Emperor'', 403; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. By the turn of the 20th century it was lagging behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage,Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. despite Brazil having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile.Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.At the turn of the twentieth century, soaring demand for coffee and rubber brought prosperity to the Brazilian economy.Scheina, "Brazil," 403. The government of Brazil used some of the extra money from this economic growth to finance a large naval building program in 1904,Scheina, "Brazil," 404. which authorized the construction of a large number of warships, including three battleships.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 80; English, ''Armed Forces'', 108. The Minister of the Navy, Admiral Júlio César de Noronha, signed a contract with Armstrong Whitworth for three battleships on 23 July 1906.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240–245. While the first designs for these ships were derived from the Norwegian coastal defense ship ''Norge'' and the British (originally Chilean) , the contracted ships were to follow Armstrong Whitworth's Design 439 (Design 188 in Vickers' files). They would displace 11,800 long tons (12,000 tonnes), have a speed of 19 knots (22 mph; 35 km/h), and be protected by belt armor of 9 inches (23 cm) and deck armor of 1.5 in (3.8 cm). Each ship would be armed with twelve 10-inch (25 cm) guns mounted in six twin turrets. These turrets would be mounted in a hexagonal configuration, similar to the later German s.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 244–246.Two of these ships were laid down by Armstrong in Elswick (''Minas Geraes'' and ''Rio de Janeiro''), while the other was subcontracted out to Vickers in Barrow (''São Paulo''). The new dreadnought concept, which premiered in December 1906 upon the completion of the namesake ship in December 1906, rendered the Brazilian ships obsolete.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 246. The money authorized for naval expansion was redirected by new Minister of the Navy, Rear Admiral Alexandrino Fario de Alencar, to building two dreadnoughts, with plans for a third dreadnought after the first was completed, two scout cruisers (which became the ), ten destroyers (the ), and three submarines.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 81; ''Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers'', "Brazil," 883. The three battleships on which construction had just begun were demolished beginning on 7 January 1907, and the design of the new dreadnoughts was approved by the Brazilians on 20 February 1907.Even though the greater cost of these ships meant that only two ships could begin immediately, plans went ahead.Whitley, ''Battleships'', 24. ''Minas Geraes'', the lead ship, was laid down by Armstrong on 17 April 1907, while ''São Paulo'' followed thirteen days later at Vickers.Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Scheina, ''Naval History'', 321; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 249. The news shocked Brazil's neighbors, especially Argentina, whose Minister of Foreign Affairs remarked that either ''Minas Geraes'' or ''São Paulo'' could destroy the entire Argentine and Chilean fleets.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 76. In addition, Brazil's order meant that they had laid down a dreadnought before many of the other major maritime powers, such as Germany, France or Russia, and the two ships made Brazil just the third country to have dreadnoughts under construction, behind the United Kingdom and the United States.Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Whitley, ''Battleships'', 13. In particular, the United States now actively attempted to court Brazil as an ally; caught up in the spirit, U.S. naval journals began using terms like "Pan Americanism" and "Hemispheric Cooperation". Newspapers and journals around the world, particularly in Britain and Germany, speculated that Brazil was acting as a proxy for a naval power which would take possession of the two dreadnoughts soon after completion, as they did not believe that a previously insignificant geopolitical power would contract for such powerful armament.Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 77.">ウィキペディアで「''Minas Geraes''''', spelled '''''Minas Gerais''''' in some sources, was a dreadnought battleship of the Brazilian Navy. Named in honor of the state of Minas Gerais, the ship was laid down in April 1907 as the lead ship of its class, making the country the third to have a dreadnought under construction and igniting a naval arms race between Brazil, Argentina, and Chile.Two months after its completion in January 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was featured in ''Scientific American'', which described it as "the last word in heavy battleship design and the ... most powerfully armed warship afloat". In November 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was the focal point of the Revolt of the Lash. The mutiny spread from ''Minas Geraes'' to other ships in the Navy, including its sister , the elderly coastal defense ship ''Deodoro'', and the recently commissioned cruiser . Led by the "Black Admiral" João Cândido Felisberto, the mutineers threatened to bombard the Brazilian capital of Rio de Janeiro if their demands were not met. As it was not possible to end the situation militarily—the only loyal troops nearby being small torpedo boats and army troops confined to land—the National Congress of Brazil gave in and the rebels disbanded.When Brazil entered the First World War in 1917, Britain's Royal Navy declined Brazil's offer of ''Minas Geraes'' for duty with the Grand Fleet because the ship was outdated; it had not been refitted since entering service, so range-finders and a fire-control system had not been added. ''São Paulo'' underwent modernization in the United States in 1920; in 1921, ''Minas Geraes'' received the same treatment. A year later, ''Minas Geraes'' sailed to counter the first of the Tenente revolts. ''São Paulo'' shelled the rebels' fort, and they surrendered shortly thereafter; ''Minas Geraes'' did not fire its guns. In 1924, mutineers seized ''São Paulo'' and attempted to persuade the crews of ''Minas Geraes'' and several other ships to join them, but were unsuccessful.''Minas Geraes'' was modernized at the Rio de Janeiro Naval Yard in the 1930s, and underwent further refitting from 1939 to 1943. During the Second World War, the ship was anchored in Salvador as the main defense of the port, as it was too old to play an active part in the war. For the last nine years of its service life, ''Minas Geraes'' remained largely inactive, and was towed to Italy for scrapping in March 1954.== Background ==Beginning in the late 1880s, Brazil's navy fell into obsolescence, helped along by an 1889 revolution, which deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II, and naval revolts in 1891 and 1893–94.Barman, ''Citizen Emperor'', 403; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. By the turn of the 20th century it was lagging behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage,Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. despite Brazil having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile.Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.At the turn of the twentieth century, soaring demand for coffee and rubber brought prosperity to the Brazilian economy.Scheina, "Brazil," 403. The government of Brazil used some of the extra money from this economic growth to finance a large naval building program in 1904,Scheina, "Brazil," 404. which authorized the construction of a large number of warships, including three battleships.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 80; English, ''Armed Forces'', 108. The Minister of the Navy, Admiral Júlio César de Noronha, signed a contract with Armstrong Whitworth for three battleships on 23 July 1906.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240–245. While the first designs for these ships were derived from the Norwegian coastal defense ship ''Norge'' and the British (originally Chilean) , the contracted ships were to follow Armstrong Whitworth's Design 439 (Design 188 in Vickers' files). They would displace 11,800 long tons (12,000 tonnes), have a speed of 19 knots (22 mph; 35 km/h), and be protected by belt armor of 9 inches (23 cm) and deck armor of 1.5 in (3.8 cm). Each ship would be armed with twelve 10-inch (25 cm) guns mounted in six twin turrets. These turrets would be mounted in a hexagonal configuration, similar to the later German s.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 244–246.Two of these ships were laid down by Armstrong in Elswick (''Minas Geraes'' and ''Rio de Janeiro''), while the other was subcontracted out to Vickers in Barrow (''São Paulo''). The new dreadnought concept, which premiered in December 1906 upon the completion of the namesake ship in December 1906, rendered the Brazilian ships obsolete.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 246. The money authorized for naval expansion was redirected by new Minister of the Navy, Rear Admiral Alexandrino Fario de Alencar, to building two dreadnoughts, with plans for a third dreadnought after the first was completed, two scout cruisers (which became the ), ten destroyers (the ), and three submarines.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 81; ''Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers'', "Brazil," 883. The three battleships on which construction had just begun were demolished beginning on 7 January 1907, and the design of the new dreadnoughts was approved by the Brazilians on 20 February 1907.Even though the greater cost of these ships meant that only two ships could begin immediately, plans went ahead.Whitley, ''Battleships'', 24. ''Minas Geraes'', the lead ship, was laid down by Armstrong on 17 April 1907, while ''São Paulo'' followed thirteen days later at Vickers.Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Scheina, ''Naval History'', 321; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 249. The news shocked Brazil's neighbors, especially Argentina, whose Minister of Foreign Affairs remarked that either ''Minas Geraes'' or ''São Paulo'' could destroy the entire Argentine and Chilean fleets.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 76. In addition, Brazil's order meant that they had laid down a dreadnought before many of the other major maritime powers, such as Germany, France or Russia, and the two ships made Brazil just the third country to have dreadnoughts under construction, behind the United Kingdom and the United States.Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Whitley, ''Battleships'', 13. In particular, the United States now actively attempted to court Brazil as an ally; caught up in the spirit, U.S. naval journals began using terms like "Pan Americanism" and "Hemispheric Cooperation". Newspapers and journals around the world, particularly in Britain and Germany, speculated that Brazil was acting as a proxy for a naval power which would take possession of the two dreadnoughts soon after completion, as they did not believe that a previously insignificant geopolitical power would contract for such powerful armament.Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 77.」の詳細全文を読む
'Minas Geraes'', spelled '''''Minas Gerais''''' in some sources, was a dreadnought battleship of the Brazilian Navy. Named in honor of the state of Minas Gerais, the ship was laid down in April 1907 as the lead ship of its class, making the country the third to have a dreadnought under construction and igniting a naval arms race between Brazil, Argentina, and Chile.Two months after its completion in January 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was featured in ''Scientific American'', which described it as "the last word in heavy battleship design and the ... most powerfully armed warship afloat". In November 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was the focal point of the Revolt of the Lash. The mutiny spread from ''Minas Geraes'' to other ships in the Navy, including its sister , the elderly coastal defense ship ''Deodoro'', and the recently commissioned cruiser . Led by the "Black Admiral" João Cândido Felisberto, the mutineers threatened to bombard the Brazilian capital of Rio de Janeiro if their demands were not met. As it was not possible to end the situation militarily—the only loyal troops nearby being small torpedo boats and army troops confined to land—the National Congress of Brazil gave in and the rebels disbanded.When Brazil entered the First World War in 1917, Britain's Royal Navy declined Brazil's offer of ''Minas Geraes'' for duty with the Grand Fleet because the ship was outdated; it had not been refitted since entering service, so range-finders and a fire-control system had not been added. ''São Paulo'' underwent modernization in the United States in 1920; in 1921, ''Minas Geraes'' received the same treatment. A year later, ''Minas Geraes'' sailed to counter the first of the Tenente revolts. ''São Paulo'' shelled the rebels' fort, and they surrendered shortly thereafter; ''Minas Geraes'' did not fire its guns. In 1924, mutineers seized ''São Paulo'' and attempted to persuade the crews of ''Minas Geraes'' and several other ships to join them, but were unsuccessful.''Minas Geraes'' was modernized at the Rio de Janeiro Naval Yard in the 1930s, and underwent further refitting from 1939 to 1943. During the Second World War, the ship was anchored in Salvador as the main defense of the port, as it was too old to play an active part in the war. For the last nine years of its service life, ''Minas Geraes'' remained largely inactive, and was towed to Italy for scrapping in March 1954.== Background ==Beginning in the late 1880s, Brazil's navy fell into obsolescence, helped along by an 1889 revolution, which deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II, and naval revolts in 1891 and 1893–94.Barman, ''Citizen Emperor'', 403; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. By the turn of the 20th century it was lagging behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage,Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. despite Brazil having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile.Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.At the turn of the twentieth century, soaring demand for coffee and rubber brought prosperity to the Brazilian economy.Scheina, "Brazil," 403. The government of Brazil used some of the extra money from this economic growth to finance a large naval building program in 1904,Scheina, "Brazil," 404. which authorized the construction of a large number of warships, including three battleships.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 80; English, ''Armed Forces'', 108. The Minister of the Navy, Admiral Júlio César de Noronha, signed a contract with Armstrong Whitworth for three battleships on 23 July 1906.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240–245. While the first designs for these ships were derived from the Norwegian coastal defense ship ''Norge'' and the British (originally Chilean) , the contracted ships were to follow Armstrong Whitworth's Design 439 (Design 188 in Vickers' files). They would displace 11,800 long tons (12,000 tonnes), have a speed of 19 knots (22 mph; 35 km/h), and be protected by belt armor of 9 inches (23 cm) and deck armor of 1.5 in (3.8 cm). Each ship would be armed with twelve 10-inch (25 cm) guns mounted in six twin turrets. These turrets would be mounted in a hexagonal configuration, similar to the later German s.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 244–246.Two of these ships were laid down by Armstrong in Elswick (''Minas Geraes'' and ''Rio de Janeiro''), while the other was subcontracted out to Vickers in Barrow (''São Paulo''). The new dreadnought concept, which premiered in December 1906 upon the completion of the namesake ship in December 1906, rendered the Brazilian ships obsolete.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 246. The money authorized for naval expansion was redirected by new Minister of the Navy, Rear Admiral Alexandrino Fario de Alencar, to building two dreadnoughts, with plans for a third dreadnought after the first was completed, two scout cruisers (which became the ), ten destroyers (the ), and three submarines.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 81; ''Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers'', "Brazil," 883. The three battleships on which construction had just begun were demolished beginning on 7 January 1907, and the design of the new dreadnoughts was approved by the Brazilians on 20 February 1907.Even though the greater cost of these ships meant that only two ships could begin immediately, plans went ahead.Whitley, ''Battleships'', 24. ''Minas Geraes'', the lead ship, was laid down by Armstrong on 17 April 1907, while ''São Paulo'' followed thirteen days later at Vickers.Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Scheina, ''Naval History'', 321; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 249. The news shocked Brazil's neighbors, especially Argentina, whose Minister of Foreign Affairs remarked that either ''Minas Geraes'' or ''São Paulo'' could destroy the entire Argentine and Chilean fleets.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 76. In addition, Brazil's order meant that they had laid down a dreadnought before many of the other major maritime powers, such as Germany, France or Russia, and the two ships made Brazil just the third country to have dreadnoughts under construction, behind the United Kingdom and the United States.Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Whitley, ''Battleships'', 13. In particular, the United States now actively attempted to court Brazil as an ally; caught up in the spirit, U.S. naval journals began using terms like "Pan Americanism" and "Hemispheric Cooperation". Newspapers and journals around the world, particularly in Britain and Germany, speculated that Brazil was acting as a proxy for a naval power which would take possession of the two dreadnoughts soon after completion, as they did not believe that a previously insignificant geopolitical power would contract for such powerful armament.Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 77.」の詳細全文を読む
', spelled ''Minas Gerais''''' in some sources, was a dreadnought battleship of the Brazilian Navy. Named in honor of the state of Minas Gerais, the ship was laid down in April 1907 as the lead ship of its class, making the country the third to have a dreadnought under construction and igniting a naval arms race between Brazil, Argentina, and Chile.Two months after its completion in January 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was featured in ''Scientific American'', which described it as "the last word in heavy battleship design and the ... most powerfully armed warship afloat". In November 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was the focal point of the Revolt of the Lash. The mutiny spread from ''Minas Geraes'' to other ships in the Navy, including its sister , the elderly coastal defense ship ''Deodoro'', and the recently commissioned cruiser . Led by the "Black Admiral" João Cândido Felisberto, the mutineers threatened to bombard the Brazilian capital of Rio de Janeiro if their demands were not met. As it was not possible to end the situation militarily—the only loyal troops nearby being small torpedo boats and army troops confined to land—the National Congress of Brazil gave in and the rebels disbanded.When Brazil entered the First World War in 1917, Britain's Royal Navy declined Brazil's offer of ''Minas Geraes'' for duty with the Grand Fleet because the ship was outdated; it had not been refitted since entering service, so range-finders and a fire-control system had not been added. ''São Paulo'' underwent modernization in the United States in 1920; in 1921, ''Minas Geraes'' received the same treatment. A year later, ''Minas Geraes'' sailed to counter the first of the Tenente revolts. ''São Paulo'' shelled the rebels' fort, and they surrendered shortly thereafter; ''Minas Geraes'' did not fire its guns. In 1924, mutineers seized ''São Paulo'' and attempted to persuade the crews of ''Minas Geraes'' and several other ships to join them, but were unsuccessful.''Minas Geraes'' was modernized at the Rio de Janeiro Naval Yard in the 1930s, and underwent further refitting from 1939 to 1943. During the Second World War, the ship was anchored in Salvador as the main defense of the port, as it was too old to play an active part in the war. For the last nine years of its service life, ''Minas Geraes'' remained largely inactive, and was towed to Italy for scrapping in March 1954.== Background ==Beginning in the late 1880s, Brazil's navy fell into obsolescence, helped along by an 1889 revolution, which deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II, and naval revolts in 1891 and 1893–94.Barman, ''Citizen Emperor'', 403; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. By the turn of the 20th century it was lagging behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage,Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. despite Brazil having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile.Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.At the turn of the twentieth century, soaring demand for coffee and rubber brought prosperity to the Brazilian economy.Scheina, "Brazil," 403. The government of Brazil used some of the extra money from this economic growth to finance a large naval building program in 1904,Scheina, "Brazil," 404. which authorized the construction of a large number of warships, including three battleships.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 80; English, ''Armed Forces'', 108. The Minister of the Navy, Admiral Júlio César de Noronha, signed a contract with Armstrong Whitworth for three battleships on 23 July 1906.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240–245. While the first designs for these ships were derived from the Norwegian coastal defense ship ''Norge'' and the British (originally Chilean) , the contracted ships were to follow Armstrong Whitworth's Design 439 (Design 188 in Vickers' files). They would displace 11,800 long tons (12,000 tonnes), have a speed of 19 knots (22 mph; 35 km/h), and be protected by belt armor of 9 inches (23 cm) and deck armor of 1.5 in (3.8 cm). Each ship would be armed with twelve 10-inch (25 cm) guns mounted in six twin turrets. These turrets would be mounted in a hexagonal configuration, similar to the later German s.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 244–246.Two of these ships were laid down by Armstrong in Elswick (''Minas Geraes'' and ''Rio de Janeiro''), while the other was subcontracted out to Vickers in Barrow (''São Paulo''). The new dreadnought concept, which premiered in December 1906 upon the completion of the namesake ship in December 1906, rendered the Brazilian ships obsolete.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 246. The money authorized for naval expansion was redirected by new Minister of the Navy, Rear Admiral Alexandrino Fario de Alencar, to building two dreadnoughts, with plans for a third dreadnought after the first was completed, two scout cruisers (which became the ), ten destroyers (the ), and three submarines.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 81; ''Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers'', "Brazil," 883. The three battleships on which construction had just begun were demolished beginning on 7 January 1907, and the design of the new dreadnoughts was approved by the Brazilians on 20 February 1907.Even though the greater cost of these ships meant that only two ships could begin immediately, plans went ahead.Whitley, ''Battleships'', 24. ''Minas Geraes'', the lead ship, was laid down by Armstrong on 17 April 1907, while ''São Paulo'' followed thirteen days later at Vickers.Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Scheina, ''Naval History'', 321; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 249. The news shocked Brazil's neighbors, especially Argentina, whose Minister of Foreign Affairs remarked that either ''Minas Geraes'' or ''São Paulo'' could destroy the entire Argentine and Chilean fleets.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 76. In addition, Brazil's order meant that they had laid down a dreadnought before many of the other major maritime powers, such as Germany, France or Russia, and the two ships made Brazil just the third country to have dreadnoughts under construction, behind the United Kingdom and the United States.Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Whitley, ''Battleships'', 13. In particular, the United States now actively attempted to court Brazil as an ally; caught up in the spirit, U.S. naval journals began using terms like "Pan Americanism" and "Hemispheric Cooperation". Newspapers and journals around the world, particularly in Britain and Germany, speculated that Brazil was acting as a proxy for a naval power which would take possession of the two dreadnoughts soon after completion, as they did not believe that a previously insignificant geopolitical power would contract for such powerful armament.Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 77.」の詳細全文を読む
'Minas Gerais'' in some sources, was a dreadnought battleship of the Brazilian Navy. Named in honor of the state of Minas Gerais, the ship was laid down in April 1907 as the lead ship of its class, making the country the third to have a dreadnought under construction and igniting a naval arms race between Brazil, Argentina, and Chile.Two months after its completion in January 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was featured in ''Scientific American'', which described it as "the last word in heavy battleship design and the ... most powerfully armed warship afloat". In November 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was the focal point of the Revolt of the Lash. The mutiny spread from ''Minas Geraes'' to other ships in the Navy, including its sister , the elderly coastal defense ship ''Deodoro'', and the recently commissioned cruiser . Led by the "Black Admiral" João Cândido Felisberto, the mutineers threatened to bombard the Brazilian capital of Rio de Janeiro if their demands were not met. As it was not possible to end the situation militarily—the only loyal troops nearby being small torpedo boats and army troops confined to land—the National Congress of Brazil gave in and the rebels disbanded.When Brazil entered the First World War in 1917, Britain's Royal Navy declined Brazil's offer of ''Minas Geraes'' for duty with the Grand Fleet because the ship was outdated; it had not been refitted since entering service, so range-finders and a fire-control system had not been added. ''São Paulo'' underwent modernization in the United States in 1920; in 1921, ''Minas Geraes'' received the same treatment. A year later, ''Minas Geraes'' sailed to counter the first of the Tenente revolts. ''São Paulo'' shelled the rebels' fort, and they surrendered shortly thereafter; ''Minas Geraes'' did not fire its guns. In 1924, mutineers seized ''São Paulo'' and attempted to persuade the crews of ''Minas Geraes'' and several other ships to join them, but were unsuccessful.''Minas Geraes'' was modernized at the Rio de Janeiro Naval Yard in the 1930s, and underwent further refitting from 1939 to 1943. During the Second World War, the ship was anchored in Salvador as the main defense of the port, as it was too old to play an active part in the war. For the last nine years of its service life, ''Minas Geraes'' remained largely inactive, and was towed to Italy for scrapping in March 1954.== Background ==Beginning in the late 1880s, Brazil's navy fell into obsolescence, helped along by an 1889 revolution, which deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II, and naval revolts in 1891 and 1893–94.Barman, ''Citizen Emperor'', 403; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. By the turn of the 20th century it was lagging behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage,Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. despite Brazil having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile.Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.At the turn of the twentieth century, soaring demand for coffee and rubber brought prosperity to the Brazilian economy.Scheina, "Brazil," 403. The government of Brazil used some of the extra money from this economic growth to finance a large naval building program in 1904,Scheina, "Brazil," 404. which authorized the construction of a large number of warships, including three battleships.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 80; English, ''Armed Forces'', 108. The Minister of the Navy, Admiral Júlio César de Noronha, signed a contract with Armstrong Whitworth for three battleships on 23 July 1906.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240–245. While the first designs for these ships were derived from the Norwegian coastal defense ship ''Norge'' and the British (originally Chilean) , the contracted ships were to follow Armstrong Whitworth's Design 439 (Design 188 in Vickers' files). They would displace 11,800 long tons (12,000 tonnes), have a speed of 19 knots (22 mph; 35 km/h), and be protected by belt armor of 9 inches (23 cm) and deck armor of 1.5 in (3.8 cm). Each ship would be armed with twelve 10-inch (25 cm) guns mounted in six twin turrets. These turrets would be mounted in a hexagonal configuration, similar to the later German s.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 244–246.Two of these ships were laid down by Armstrong in Elswick (''Minas Geraes'' and ''Rio de Janeiro''), while the other was subcontracted out to Vickers in Barrow (''São Paulo''). The new dreadnought concept, which premiered in December 1906 upon the completion of the namesake ship in December 1906, rendered the Brazilian ships obsolete.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 246. The money authorized for naval expansion was redirected by new Minister of the Navy, Rear Admiral Alexandrino Fario de Alencar, to building two dreadnoughts, with plans for a third dreadnought after the first was completed, two scout cruisers (which became the ), ten destroyers (the ), and three submarines.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 81; ''Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers'', "Brazil," 883. The three battleships on which construction had just begun were demolished beginning on 7 January 1907, and the design of the new dreadnoughts was approved by the Brazilians on 20 February 1907.Even though the greater cost of these ships meant that only two ships could begin immediately, plans went ahead.Whitley, ''Battleships'', 24. ''Minas Geraes'', the lead ship, was laid down by Armstrong on 17 April 1907, while ''São Paulo'' followed thirteen days later at Vickers.Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Scheina, ''Naval History'', 321; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 249. The news shocked Brazil's neighbors, especially Argentina, whose Minister of Foreign Affairs remarked that either ''Minas Geraes'' or ''São Paulo'' could destroy the entire Argentine and Chilean fleets.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 76. In addition, Brazil's order meant that they had laid down a dreadnought before many of the other major maritime powers, such as Germany, France or Russia, and the two ships made Brazil just the third country to have dreadnoughts under construction, behind the United Kingdom and the United States.Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Whitley, ''Battleships'', 13. In particular, the United States now actively attempted to court Brazil as an ally; caught up in the spirit, U.S. naval journals began using terms like "Pan Americanism" and "Hemispheric Cooperation". Newspapers and journals around the world, particularly in Britain and Germany, speculated that Brazil was acting as a proxy for a naval power which would take possession of the two dreadnoughts soon after completion, as they did not believe that a previously insignificant geopolitical power would contract for such powerful armament.Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 77.」の詳細全文を読む
' in some sources, was a dreadnought battleship of the Brazilian Navy. Named in honor of the state of Minas Gerais, the ship was laid down in April 1907 as the lead ship of its class, making the country the third to have a dreadnought under construction and igniting a naval arms race between Brazil, Argentina, and Chile.Two months after its completion in January 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was featured in ''Scientific American'', which described it as "the last word in heavy battleship design and the ... most powerfully armed warship afloat". In November 1910, ''Minas Geraes'' was the focal point of the Revolt of the Lash. The mutiny spread from ''Minas Geraes'' to other ships in the Navy, including its sister , the elderly coastal defense ship ''Deodoro'', and the recently commissioned cruiser . Led by the "Black Admiral" João Cândido Felisberto, the mutineers threatened to bombard the Brazilian capital of Rio de Janeiro if their demands were not met. As it was not possible to end the situation militarily—the only loyal troops nearby being small torpedo boats and army troops confined to land—the National Congress of Brazil gave in and the rebels disbanded.When Brazil entered the First World War in 1917, Britain's Royal Navy declined Brazil's offer of ''Minas Geraes'' for duty with the Grand Fleet because the ship was outdated; it had not been refitted since entering service, so range-finders and a fire-control system had not been added. ''São Paulo'' underwent modernization in the United States in 1920; in 1921, ''Minas Geraes'' received the same treatment. A year later, ''Minas Geraes'' sailed to counter the first of the Tenente revolts. ''São Paulo'' shelled the rebels' fort, and they surrendered shortly thereafter; ''Minas Geraes'' did not fire its guns. In 1924, mutineers seized ''São Paulo'' and attempted to persuade the crews of ''Minas Geraes'' and several other ships to join them, but were unsuccessful.''Minas Geraes'' was modernized at the Rio de Janeiro Naval Yard in the 1930s, and underwent further refitting from 1939 to 1943. During the Second World War, the ship was anchored in Salvador as the main defense of the port, as it was too old to play an active part in the war. For the last nine years of its service life, ''Minas Geraes'' remained largely inactive, and was towed to Italy for scrapping in March 1954.== Background ==Beginning in the late 1880s, Brazil's navy fell into obsolescence, helped along by an 1889 revolution, which deposed Emperor Dom Pedro II, and naval revolts in 1891 and 1893–94.Barman, ''Citizen Emperor'', 403; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. By the turn of the 20th century it was lagging behind the Chilean and Argentine navies in quality and total tonnage,Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 75. despite Brazil having nearly three times the population of Argentina and almost five times the population of Chile.Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Livermore, "Battleship Diplomacy," 32.At the turn of the twentieth century, soaring demand for coffee and rubber brought prosperity to the Brazilian economy.Scheina, "Brazil," 403. The government of Brazil used some of the extra money from this economic growth to finance a large naval building program in 1904,Scheina, "Brazil," 404. which authorized the construction of a large number of warships, including three battleships.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 80; English, ''Armed Forces'', 108. The Minister of the Navy, Admiral Júlio César de Noronha, signed a contract with Armstrong Whitworth for three battleships on 23 July 1906.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 240–245. While the first designs for these ships were derived from the Norwegian coastal defense ship ''Norge'' and the British (originally Chilean) , the contracted ships were to follow Armstrong Whitworth's Design 439 (Design 188 in Vickers' files). They would displace 11,800 long tons (12,000 tonnes), have a speed of 19 knots (22 mph; 35 km/h), and be protected by belt armor of 9 inches (23 cm) and deck armor of 1.5 in (3.8 cm). Each ship would be armed with twelve 10-inch (25 cm) guns mounted in six twin turrets. These turrets would be mounted in a hexagonal configuration, similar to the later German s.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 244–246.Two of these ships were laid down by Armstrong in Elswick (''Minas Geraes'' and ''Rio de Janeiro''), while the other was subcontracted out to Vickers in Barrow (''São Paulo''). The new dreadnought concept, which premiered in December 1906 upon the completion of the namesake ship in December 1906, rendered the Brazilian ships obsolete.Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 246. The money authorized for naval expansion was redirected by new Minister of the Navy, Rear Admiral Alexandrino Fario de Alencar, to building two dreadnoughts, with plans for a third dreadnought after the first was completed, two scout cruisers (which became the ), ten destroyers (the ), and three submarines.Scheina, ''Naval History'', 81; ''Journal of the American Society of Naval Engineers'', "Brazil," 883. The three battleships on which construction had just begun were demolished beginning on 7 January 1907, and the design of the new dreadnoughts was approved by the Brazilians on 20 February 1907.Even though the greater cost of these ships meant that only two ships could begin immediately, plans went ahead.Whitley, ''Battleships'', 24. ''Minas Geraes'', the lead ship, was laid down by Armstrong on 17 April 1907, while ''São Paulo'' followed thirteen days later at Vickers.Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Scheina, ''Naval History'', 321; Topliss, "The Brazilian Dreadnoughts," 249. The news shocked Brazil's neighbors, especially Argentina, whose Minister of Foreign Affairs remarked that either ''Minas Geraes'' or ''São Paulo'' could destroy the entire Argentine and Chilean fleets.Martins, "Colossos do mares," 76. In addition, Brazil's order meant that they had laid down a dreadnought before many of the other major maritime powers, such as Germany, France or Russia, and the two ships made Brazil just the third country to have dreadnoughts under construction, behind the United Kingdom and the United States.Scheina, "Brazil," 403; Whitley, ''Battleships'', 13. In particular, the United States now actively attempted to court Brazil as an ally; caught up in the spirit, U.S. naval journals began using terms like "Pan Americanism" and "Hemispheric Cooperation". Newspapers and journals around the world, particularly in Britain and Germany, speculated that Brazil was acting as a proxy for a naval power which would take possession of the two dreadnoughts soon after completion, as they did not believe that a previously insignificant geopolitical power would contract for such powerful armament.Scheina, "Brazil," 404; Martins, "Colossos do mares," 77.」の詳細全文を読む
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